Electron emission from ferroelectric crystals of different thickness

Averty, Dominique; Liateni, S. F.; Bihan, R. Le

doi:10.1080/00150199508236032

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Development work performed in other laboratories has been described, for example in Refs. [16,33,39]. FE self-emission from thinfilms functions with very low excitation voltage amplitudes (< 100 V), but only above a minimum FE layer thickness, which is determined by the mutual attraction of the separated charge layers formed on the opposite sides of the FE thin-film cathode.…”

Section: Other Applications and Technical Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the electrodes must be matched to thick- [6] and thin-film FE samples [38] differently. With thin films the mutual attraction of the charge layers generated after P sswitching on both surfaces of the sample must be taken into account and at a thickness of less than 10 µm it is preferable to apply a modest extraction potential in order to overcome the mutual charge attraction of the charges on both sides of the film [39]. The geometry and the pressure of the HV-pulse contacts on the FE electrodes may strongly influence the local switching thresholds in the pressurized regions underneath the contacts and the surface field distribution inside the emitting grid area, before and after P s -switching.…”

Section: 2 Cathode Surface and Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Features and technology of ferroelectric electron emission

Riege

Boscolo

Handerek

et al. 1998

Journal of Applied Physics

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Spontaneous electrical polarization of ferroelectric materials can be changed either by reversal or by phase transition from a ferroelectric into a non-polar state or vice versa. If spontaneous polarization changes are induced at a submicrosecond time-scale, strong uncompensated surface charge densities and related fields are generated, which may lead to the intense self-emission of electrons from the negatively-charged free surface areas of the ferroelectric cathode. The nature of this self-emission differs essentially from other methods of ferroelectric electron emission and from conventional electron emission in that the latter methods are only achieved by extracting electrons with externally applied electric fields. When electron guns are constructed with ferroelectric cathodes, new design criteria have to be taken into account. The intensity, the energy, the temporal and spatial distribution and the repetition rate of the emitted electron beams can be adjusted within wide limits. The advantages of ferroelectric cathodes and the technological difficulties arising during their production, preparation, and operation are identified and discussed and solutions to the problems are proposed. Experiences with a few applications of ferroelectric electron emission are reported and suggestions for further applications are made.

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Section: Other Applications and Technical Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 2 Cathode Surface and Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Features and technology of ferroelectric electron emission

Riege

Boscolo

Handerek

et al. 1998

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…The emitting surface is not exposed to an external extraction field before polarization switching, hence, the resulting ejection of electrons may be considered as a 'self-emission' process. The electrons are emitted from the FE surface into the adjacent vacuum or gas-filled volume with finite kinetic energies, which may reach values above 100 keV [1], [2], [8], and [14]. It is important for technical applications that FE emission, other than friction-induced emission from insulators, can be easily controlled in space and time [4].…”

Section: Basic Features Of Fe Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FE self-emission functions with very low excitation voltage amplitudes (< 100 V), but only above a minimum FE layer thickness, which is determined by the mutual attraction of the separated charge layers formed on opposite sides of the cathode. For thinner layers extraction potentials must be applied [11], [14]. Many techniques useful for the production and preparation of thin-layer FE cathodes are available from electronic thin-film and FE memory technologies.…”

Section: Applications and Technical Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thin-layer FE emission was proposed in 1989 [20] and development work has been described in Refs. [11], [14] and [15]. FE self-emission functions with very low excitation voltage amplitudes (< 100 V), but only above a minimum FE layer thickness, which is determined by the mutual attraction of the separated charge layers formed on opposite sides of the cathode.…”

Section: Applications and Technical Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ferroelectric electron emission: Principles and technology

Riege¹

1997

Applied Surface Science

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The spontaneous electrical polarization of ferroelectric materials can be changed either by reversal or by phase transition from a ferroelectric into a non-ferroelectric state or vice versa. If spontaneous polarization changes are induced with fast heat, mechanical pressure, laser or electric field pulses on a submicrosecond time scale, strong uncompensated surface charge densities and related polarization fields are generated, which may lead to the intense selfemission of electrons from the negatively charged free surface areas of the ferroelectric sample. Hence, electron guns can be built with extraction-field-free ferroelectric cathodes, which may be easily separated from the high-field regions of post-accelerating gap structures. The intensity, the energy, the temporal and spatial distribution, and the repetitition rate of the emitted electron beams can be controlled within wide limits via the excitation pulses and external focusing and accelerating electromagnetic fields. The technological advantages and difficulties of ferroelectric cathodes during production and in practical operation are identified and discussed. A new design of electron guns with ferroelectric cathodes is described. Experience with a few applications of ferroelectric electron emission is reported and suggestions for further applications are made.

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