Electron-Microscopic Studies on Chloroplasts from Phosphorus-Deficient Plants

Thomson, W. W.; Weier, T. E.; Drever, H. R.

doi:10.2307/2440243

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Barton's illustration (1966, Fig. 6) of a chloroplast at a very early stage in senescence shows a pattern of lamellar banding similar to that found under eonditions of moderate phosphorus or potassium deficiency (Thomson, 1964;Thomson et al, 1962, Fig. 8).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN CHLOROPLASTS OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS DURING DEVELOPMENT UNDER CONDITIONS OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY

Whatley

1971

New Phytologist

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Summary Plants of Phaseolus vulgaris were grown for a period of 4 weeks in nutrient solutions deficient in S, Mg, K, N, P and Fe, and compared with controls growing in complete nutrient solutions. At weekly intervals, tissue from all leaf groups fully expanded at the time of sampling was prepared for examination under the electron microscope. It was possible to examine chloroplast ultrastructure, firstly, during leaf development under each of the nutrient deficient conditions and, secondly, to compare the chloroplasts of similar leaf groups produced under different deficiency conditions. Although distinctive chloroplast types could be associated with conditions of Mg, K, N and Fe deficiency, chloroplasts from S and P deficient plants were variable in appearance. The chloroplast patterns produced were found to be consistent in palisade parenchyma tissue but in spongy mesophyll tissue cells frequently appeared plasmolysed and chloroplasts varied considerably in appearance. Particularly in the spongy mesophyll distinctive crystalline configurations were found within the chloroplasts.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN CHLOROPLASTS OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS DURING DEVELOPMENT UNDER CONDITIONS OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY

Whatley

1971

New Phytologist

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“…It would be interesting to know how the P-deficient chloroplast accommodates its structure to the lower P-lipid/ chlorophyll ratio. One apparent response is for the lamellar system to become more highly organized and tightly packed (18 (11). In the other, phosphatidic acid + CTP -CDPdiglyceride, and CDPdiglyceride + glycerophosphate e phosphatidyl glycerolphosphate -e phosphatidyl glycerol + P, (6,17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turnover of Phospholipids in Normal and Phosphorus-deficient Spirodela

Bieleski

1972

Plant Physiol.

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When 'pi was supplied as a 15-minute pulse to normal Spirodela oligorrhiza plants, the first phospholipid to become fully labeled was phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidyl glycerol reached maximum labeling before the other major phospholipids. In phosphorus-deficient plants, however, phosphatidyl glycerol became labeled much more slowly than either phosphatidyl choline or phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and also the proportion of phosphatidyl glycerol present was smaller. Thus, phosphatidyl glycerol synthesis is sensitive to phosphorus deficiency. Since most of the phosphatidyl glycerol present in Spirodela was localized in the chloroplast, this effect appeared to be specifically one on chloroplast composition. The phosphorusdeficient chloroplast had a 60% lower phospholipid content and a normal phospholipid pattern, but the phospholipid which was present was apparently cycling much less rapidly. Zeatin, which ameliorates the visual symptoms of phosphorus deficiency, also reduces the effect of phosphorus deficiency on phospholipid synthesis.The aquatic plant Spirodela, "duckweed" or "ducksmeat," growing in axenic culture, was used to study effects of phosphorus deficiency (P-deficiency) on phosphorus metabolism in plants (5). Although deficiency caused a general decrease in concentrations of the various phosphate esters, there was remarkably little change in the proportions relative to one another, so that the pattern was almost completely unaltered. There was also very little change in the ester turnover rates. Zeatin and kinetin, which ameliorated visible symptoms of P-deficiency, did not alter the effect of P-deficiency on phosphate ester levels. However, P-deficiency did cause a small but consistent effect on the phospholipid (P-lipid) pattern; this effect was sensitive to the presence of zeatin. It was decided to study this effect in more detail, in the hope of better understanding the nature of P-deficiency. Such a study may also have some value in describing the course of P-lipid synthesis in a photosynthetic plant tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODSGrowth of Plants. Spirodela (Spirodela oligorrhiza (Kurz) Hegelm.) was grown in axenic culture (4). Minus-phosphorus medium contained 4 mm (NH,),SO4, 2 mm CaSO4, 2 mM MgSO4, 1 mm KSO,, trace element salts, and 1 % glucose. Control medium was obtained by adding KHYP04 at 1 mm to the minus-phosphorus medium, and labeled medium was obtained by adding KH23'PO4 at 1 mm and 0.5 mc/l. When required, zeatin at 0.1 mg/l was also included in the media. Fifty-ml Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 20 ml of medium, were autoclaved. Sterile CaCO., about 50 mg, was added to each at the time of inoculating, to maintain the medium at pH 7.0 to 7.2. Plants were grown at 24 C under continuous fluorescent illumination (about 200 ft-c) for about 14 days. The weight of plants in control cultures doubled each 2 days.Extraction and Separation of Phospholipids. Tissue was killed in MCF,' 12/5/1/2, v/v at -72 C, in the ratio 0.2 g tissue to 5 ml liquid (4). Tissue was held overnight in this liq...

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“…Only a limited number of studies on deficiencies of the major mineral nutrients in higher plants have been concerned with the effects of the deficiency at the ultrastructural level and in particular on the fine structure of the chloroplast (8)(9)(10)(14)(15)(16)(17). These studies have utilized a variety of plant species, a mixture of macro-and micronutrient deficiencies, and primarily potassium permanganate fixation.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Ultrastructure of Chloroplasts in Mineral-deficient Maize Leaves

Hall¹,

Barr²,

Al-Abbas³

et al. 1972

Plant Physiol.

104

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The ultrastructure of mesophyll chloroplasts in full-nutrient and mineral-deficient maize (Zea mays) leaves was examined by electron microscopy after glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixation. Nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur deficiencies were induced by growing the plants in nutrient culture. Distinctive chloroplast types were observed with each deficiency. Chloroplasts from nitrogendeficient plants were reduced in size and had prominent osmiophilic globules and large grana stacks. Magnesium deficiency was characterized by the accumulation of osmiophilic globules and the progressive disruption of the chloroplast membranes. In calcium deficiency, the chloroplast envelope was often ruptured. Chloroplasts from potassium-or phosphorus-deficient plants possessed an extensive system of stroma lamellae. Sulfur deficiency resulted in a pronounced decrease of stroma lamellae, an increase in grana stacking, and the frequent occurrence of long projections extending from the body of the chloroplast. These morphological changes were correlated with functional alterations in the chloroplasts as measured by photosystem I and II activities. In chloroplasts of the nitrogen-and sulfur-deficient plants an increase in grana stacking was associated with an increase in photosystem II activity.Only a limited number of studies on deficiencies of the major mineral nutrients in higher plants have been concerned with the effects of the deficiency at the ultrastructural level and in particular on the fine structure of the chloroplast (8-10, 14-17). These studies have utilized a variety of plant species, a mixture of macro-and micronutrient deficiencies, and primarily potassium permanganate fixation.The present study is a report of the ultrastructural changes observed in chloroplasts in glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide-

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Electron-Microscopic Studies on Chloroplasts from Phosphorus-Deficient Plants

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN CHLOROPLASTS OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS DURING DEVELOPMENT UNDER CONDITIONS OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN CHLOROPLASTS OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS DURING DEVELOPMENT UNDER CONDITIONS OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY

Turnover of Phospholipids in Normal and Phosphorus-deficient Spirodela

The Ultrastructure of Chloroplasts in Mineral-deficient Maize Leaves

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