Electron Microscopical Diagnosis of <i>Ecthyma contagiosum</i> in Camels (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>) First Report of the Disease in Kenya

Muñz, E.; Schillinger, D.; Reimann, Maja; Mahnel, H.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0450.1986.tb00007.x

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Similar signs have been reported in Somalia [21] and the Sudan [14]. In another study, generalized lesions involving the distal parts of the legs, the inner thighs and the vagina have also been reported [5]. In this study, also only localized proliferative lesions were founded and other parts were not affected.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…Morbidity of 100% in calves had been described by other researchers, but this rate was reported to be low (10%-20%) in adult camels [5]. It was also reported that 98% of the cases of orf in camel occur in calves aged less than one year, with a mortality that reached 38% [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus) in Iran 346 been described in many countries, such as Mongolia [8,9], Somalia [4], the former Soviet Union [10], Libya [11], UAE [12], Saudi Arabia [13], Sudan [14] and Kenya [5]. The agent is a DNA poxvirus of the Parapoxvirus subgroup, which includes the closely related viruses' pseudocowpox (another cause of orf, like "milker's nodules" in humans), the agent of bovine papular stomatitis (BPS), Parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand, squirrel Parapoxvirus and Parapoxvirus of gray seals [15].…”

Section: First Report Of An Outbreak Of Contagious Ecthyma In Camelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They may be caused by three distinct viruses: Orthopoxvirus cameli (camel pox), Parapoxvirus (camel contagious ecthyma (CCE)) and Papillomavirus (camel papilloma virus infection) [3]. The clinical signs of camel pox (caused by Orthopoxvirus cameli), CCE and camel papillomatosis are similar and can be confused, especially in the generalized form [4][5][6] and so far can be distinguished only by virus identification by electron microscopy or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CCE was first described in Kazakhstan in 1968 [7].…”

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confidence: 99%

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First Report of an Outbreak of Contagious Ecthyma in Camels (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus) in Iran

Barani¹,

Mohebbi²,

Varshovi³

et al. 2015

JAST-A

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Camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) has been reported in Mongolia, Kenya, Somalia and Sudan. CCE is caused by a Parapoxvirus affecting young animals by producing lesions around the lips and nostrils. The generalized form of CCE is uncommon. The aim of this study was to submit the first report of contagious ecthyma in Iran and also to help clinician to diagnose this disease with heavy economic losses easier. In the paper, an outbreak of CCE in dromedary and bactrian camels in Qom province of Iran was described and clinical signs were observed in one camel herd in October 2009. Nodules and scabs from seven affected animals were collected for virus identification. Total extracted DNA was used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a fragment of Parapoxvirus B2L gene. Results showed that camel calves (n = 27) less than one year old and one male bactrian camel were affected (no adult female camels were found to be infected). The prevalence of the disease in the herd, adult camels and camel calves was 30.33%, 1.5% and 100%, respectively. Affected animals showed the swelling of head with nodular lesion around the lips. It then developed to pustules and fissured crusts. Previous involvement with this disease, history of contact with sheep or goats, food resources and season all can have a role in epidemiology of the disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: First Report Of An Outbreak Of Contagious Ecthyma In Camelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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First Report of an Outbreak of Contagious Ecthyma in Camels (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus) in Iran

Barani¹,

Mohebbi²,

Varshovi³

et al. 2015

JAST-A

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“…Camel Parapox virions are ovoid particles that range in size from 230 to 360 x 131 to 160 nm, their axis ratio is about 1:1.56 and their surface shows a regular crisscross pattern of filaments (figure 4). During its long term course, the disease is complicated by bacterial and fungal contamination (1,5,10).…”

Section: S Causative Agentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecthyma contagieux du dromadaire : risques chez le chamelon

Khalafalla

2000

Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop.

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Les dromadaires sont des animaux de grande importance, exceptionnellement adaptés aux zones sèches et arides. Le taux de mortalité élevé des chamelons apparaît comme l'une des principales contraintes à la productivité optimale du dromadaire. L'ecthyma contagieux du dromadaire (Ecd) est une maladie peu étudiée due à un virus du genre Parapox de la famille des Poxviridae. Au Soudan, 98 p. 100 des cas d'Ecd se produisent chez des chamelons de moins d'un an avec des taux de morbidité de 60 à 100 p. 100 et de mortalité de 9 à 38 p. 100. La maladie est endémique dans la plupart des régions du Soudan où il y a des élevages de dromadaires, avec toutefois des différences au niveau des taux de mortalité et de la gravité de l'infection. La maladie réapparaît régulièrement chaque année au début de la saison des pluies (juillet / août), affectant les chamelons à l'automne lors de leur première mise au pâturage. Les lésions d'Ecd ne sont pas généralisées mais restreintes à la tête, notamment sur les lèvres, les naseaux et les yeux. Ces lésions sont caractérisées par la présence de croûtes fissurées qui permettent de distinguer cliniquement cette maladie de la variole cameline ou de la papillomatose. Elle affecte la croissance du chamelon en diminuant sa capacité à téter ou à brouter. L'impact économique de cette maladie peu étudiée est discuté. Il apparaît que l'Ecd doit être sérieusement étudié compte tenu de sa répercution sur la productivité du cheptel camelin au Soudan.

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Rapid Diagnosis and Differentiation of Parapoxvirus and Orthopoxvirus Infections in Camels

Khalafalla¹,

Büttner²,

Rziha³

Applications of Gene-Based Technologies for Improving Animal Production and Health in Developing Countries

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Abstract:Rapid identification and differentiation of camel pox (CMP) and camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) were achieved by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers that distinguish Orthopoxvirus (OPV) and Parapovirus (PPV). Forty scab specimens collected from sick camels and sheep were treated by 3 different DNA extraction procedures and examined by PCR. The sensitivity of the PCR was compared with that of electron microscopy and virus isolation in cell culture. Procedure 1, in which viral DNA was extracted directly from scab specimens followed by PCR, proved to be superior and more sensitive. Procedure 2 enables a fast specific diagnosis of PPV and OPV infections directly from scab materials without the need for DNA extraction. These assays provide a rapid and feasible alternative to electron microscopy and virus isolation.

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Electron Microscopical Diagnosis of Ecthyma contagiosum in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) First Report of the Disease in Kenya

Cited by 28 publications

References 2 publications

First Report of an Outbreak of Contagious Ecthyma in Camels (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus) in Iran

First Report of an Outbreak of Contagious Ecthyma in Camels (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus) in Iran

Ecthyma contagieux du dromadaire : risques chez le chamelon

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Rapid Diagnosis and Differentiation of Parapoxvirus and Orthopoxvirus Infections in Camels

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