Electron spectroscopy for chemical analyses (ESCA)—A tool for studying treated textiles

Abstract

SynopsisElectron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) has been successfully used to determine the location of flame-retardant polymers or reagents and crosslinking and oil/water-repellent reagents in relation to fiber surfaces of chemically modified cotton fabrics and cotton/polyester blends. Changes in intensity of characteristic ESCA element signals were followed as the particle size of the treated fabric varied. Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and the flame-retardant polymer formed from tetrakis(hydroxymethy1)phosphonium chloride (Thpc) and urea penetrate and are homogeneously deposited throughout cotton fabrics. The oil/waterrepellent finish, FC-218, and the flame retardants from the THPOH/NH3 reaction and tris(dibromopropyl) phosphate are deposited on the surfaces of both cotton and polyester fibers.

Surface and bulk chemical analysis of the durability of an easy care finish on cotton

“…Other wet chemical methods that have been proposed to monitor the fibre bulk easy care finish concentration are based on Kjedahl analysis of nitrogen content (Ibrahim et al 2008;Soignet et al 1976), titrimetry (Xu and Shyr 2001) and Leuco HCN Analysis (Hashem et al 2003). FTIR has also been used to probe the nature and concentration of easy care cross-linkers (Yang 2001;Li et al 2007).…”

“…In the analysis of cellulosic materials X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used in establishing the distribution and concentration of non-cellulosic materials (Mitchell et al 2005;Buchert et al 2001;Johansson et al 1999) and in assessing the effectiveness of fibre surface modification in order to impart product enhancement for both (Carty and Byrne 1987) cellulosic and non-cellulosic fibres (Xu and Shyr 2001;Battistel et al 2001;Benerito et al 1981;Shekarriz et al 2003). While XPS has previously revealed an even distribution of DMDHEU throughout the cotton fabric (Soignet et al 1976), oil and water repellent finishes are reported to be deposited on the cotton fabric surface only (Soignet et al 1976;Benerito et al 1981). XPS has also been used to assess the wash durability of non-formaldehyde and water repellency finishes by probing the F/O ratio (McCord et al 2003).…”

Iodine Sorption Value and Surface Chemical Analysis of Regenerated Cellulosic Fibres

“…XPS is commonly used in surface chemical analysis of textile substrates. For instance XPS was used to determine the location of the flame retardants, soil repellence and easy care finishes following application of the finishes on the cotton fabrics and the results indicated that in order to understand the effectiveness of the appli-cation of the finishes, it is necessary to determine both surface and bulk analysis of the treated fabrics due to the fact that some of the finishes reacts in both the surface and bulk of the substrates [14].…”

Spectroscopic analysis of Fraké treated with periodic acid. I. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA)

“…In the current study, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) , also referred to as Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) , a nondestructive solid-state spectroscopic technique that has already been employed in the analysis of surfaces of synthetic polymer^,^-^ natural and textile fibers, [7][8][9][10][11][12] and in the characterization of wood reactions, 13,14 was used to investigate the nature of wood-periodic acid intermediates in situ and in an attempt to elu-cidate the nature of chemical reactions occurring between periodic acid and the constituents of wood. This article, the first of a series, presents results from ESCA analysis of untreated and treated woods.…”