Electronic anti-fouling technology to mitigate precipitation fouling in plate-and-frame heat exchangers

Cho, Young I.; Choi, Byung-Gap; Drazner, Bennat J.

doi:10.1016/s0017-9310(97)00347-5

Cited by 35 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…A mechanism for the physical water softening method was reported by Herzog et al (1989), who, using a HeNe laser and receiving sensor technique, proposed that in the presence of an external magnetic field, the nucleation and crystallization of CaCO 3 in hard water can be greatly increased. The nucleation and crystallization of CaCO 3 (Wang et al, 1997; Kobe et al, 2001, 2002; Plavšić et al, 1999; Cho and Choi, 1998; Lundager Madsen, 2004; Coey and Cass, 2000), MgCO 3 and Na 2 CO 3 (Bin et al, 2011) have been confirmed. Because dissolved ions in hard water have either a negative charge, namely CO 3 2– , or a positive charge, namely K + , Na + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , or Fe 3+ , they are agitated by passing a magnetic field.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The positively charged ions are attracted by the north pole of the magnet and the negatively charged ions are attracted by the south pole of the magnet. Therefore, collisions among the positive and negative ions increases, facilitating nucleation and crystallization (Cho and Choi, 1998). The latter will remove free cations from a spray solution, leaving the imazethapyr molecule available, without forming an imazethapyr–salt complex.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, by passing water containing CO 3 − plus Ca 2+ (Kobe et al, 2001; Kobe et al, 2002; Plavšić et al, 1999; Cho and Choi, 1998; Lundager Madsen, 2004; Coey and Cass, 2000), Mg 2+ , or Na + (Bin et al, 2011) through an external magnetic device, an increase in nucleating and crystallizing of the carbonate has been observed; as a result, soft water was obtained for a time, called the “magnetic memory of water” (Colic and Morse, 1999). Moreover, other changes in water characteristics such as conductivity (Sueda et al, 2007), surface tension (Cho and Lee 2005), viscosity (Quinn et al, 1997), vaporization rate (Toledo et al, 2008), and pH (Fathi et al, 2006) have been observed following magnetization.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Overcoming the Antagonistic Effect from Spray Carrier Minerals on Imazethapyr Activity

et al. 2014

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Minerals in spray carrier water can adversely in uence the activity of weak acid herbicides, thus overcoming them has been considered a main research priority. A series of dose-response pot experiments were conducted to compare the water so ening chemical methods [(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , NH 4 NO 3 , C 6 H 8 O 7 , and KHPO 4 ] and a new water so ening physical method (passing through a magnetic eld of 0.7 T) for overcoming antagonism from the carriers containing 0.5 g L -1 of CaCO 3 , MgCO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , or Fe 2 (CO 3 ) 3 on imazethapyr (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid) activity on jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.). e imazethapyr activity was signi cantly increased by all methods when distilled water was used as the carrier. e (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (relative potency [RP] = 3.52) was the most e ective method, followed by C 6 H 8 O 7 and NH 4 NO 3 (RP = 2.58), a magnetized carrier (RP = 1.83), and then KHPO 4 (RP = 1.48) to improve imazethapyr activity. e imazethapyr activity was clearly antagonized when carbonate salts were added to distilled water. e intensity of the antagonistic e ects depended on the cation's valence and ranked as Fe 2 (CO 3 ) 3 (RP = 0.47) > MgCO 3 (RP = 0.52) = CaCO 3 (RP = 0.53) > K 2 CO 3 (RP = 0.69) = Na 2 CO 3 (RP = 0.66). e application of a magnetized carrier was not as e ective a method for overcoming this antagonism as the addition of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 or C 6 H 8 O 7 , but it was more e ective than the addition of NH 4 NO 3 or KHPO 4 . Nonetheless, from di erent points of view-agronomic, environmental, and economic-applying a magnetized carrier is recommended as a technique because it not only needs no chemical but it also causes no side e ects.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Overcoming the Antagonistic Effect from Spray Carrier Minerals on Imazethapyr Activity

et al. 2014

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“…Cho et al [55] conducted a fouling test in a plate-and-frame heat exchanger (Alfa Laval Thermal, Richmond, Virginia, USA) after 8-h circulation of hard water at a flow rate of 1.5 gpm. The heat exchanger was made of 20 stainless steel plates: 9 channels were used for steam and 10 channels were used for test water, which had 1000-ppm hardness as CaCO 3 .…”

Section: Field Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonchemical Methods to Control Scale and Deposit Formation

Cho

Kim

2015

Mineral Scales and Deposits

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“…There are many researchers do a lot of qualitative researches based on the above-mentioned antifouling mechanism of EAF system [6][7][8][9][10][11]. But to the best knowledge, none of research works about controlling the induced electric field acted on the solution by EAF system have been done yet by now.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing of mathematical modeling of induced current for electronic anti-fouling system and estimate of system performance under different excitation signal

Han

Zhao

Ding

2013

International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics

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A new optimizing method of mathematical analytical modeling of induced current for electronic anti-fouling technology is used in the present study to solve the problem of large calculated amount and complex deducing process caused by traditional segmented function method under different excitation signal, and an exact 2D finite element method is used to calculate induced current in a real electronic anti-fouling system, and the finite element calculation results can fit well with the results calculated by the optimizing analytical model of induced current under the excitation signal with different waveform. Furthermore, the average power density of induced current and the efficiency of energy transformation for EAF system are calculated to estimate the system performance under different excitation signal. The calculation result shows that: 1 the positivenegative square wave excitation signal can make the largest average power density of induced current and the sine wave excitation signal makes the smallest; 2 the sawtooth wave excitation signal can make the highest efficiency of energy transformation and the positive -negative square wave excitation signal makes the lowest.

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Electronic anti-fouling technology to mitigate precipitation fouling in plate-and-frame heat exchangers

Cited by 35 publications

References 4 publications

Overcoming the Antagonistic Effect from Spray Carrier Minerals on Imazethapyr Activity

Overcoming the Antagonistic Effect from Spray Carrier Minerals on Imazethapyr Activity

Nonchemical Methods to Control Scale and Deposit Formation

Optimizing of mathematical modeling of induced current for electronic anti-fouling system and estimate of system performance under different excitation signal

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