and sustainable energy sources, which have been considered as an encouraging solution to significantly reduce the dependency on traditional fossil fuels. Hydrogen is a promising clean energy carrier by virtue of zero-carbon content and the highest gravimetric energy density. [1] In this scenario, hydrogen production through electricity-driven water splitting represents a promising strategy for renewable energy conversion.Water electrolysis involves hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on cathode and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on anode. Theoretically, it requires a potential difference of 1.23 V between anode and cathode for driving the overall reaction. [2] But actually, a much higher voltage is needed in a practical water electrolyzer due to the overpotentials on both electrodes. HER is a relatively simple two-electron transport process involving electrochemical H + adsorption and desorption of H 2 . In contrast, OER is an inherently more complex process and has sluggish oxygen evolution kinetics, since it needs to transfer four electrons through multi-step reactions with single-electron transfer at each step. [3] As a result, the accumulation of energy at each step makes OER kinetically hindered and a large overpotential is needed to overcome the kinetic energy barrier. On the other hand, OER is an important half reaction involved in rechargeable metal-air batteries which are also regarded as the emerging sustainable energy conversion technology. Nevertheless, the bottlenecks such as low lifetimes, inferior energy conversion efficiency, and limited stability of metal-air batteries mainly originate from the intrinsically sluggish kinetics of OER. [4] Hence, developing effective and stable OER electrocatalysts by improving oxygen electrokinetics can significantly contribute to improving energy-conversion efficiency.To date, transition metal-based OER catalysts have been extensively studied by virtue of their excellent OER catalytic activities. [5] Noble-metal-based electrocatalysts have been considered as the most powerful electrocatalysts for OER in spite of their high prices. Among them, Ru and Ir have been verified to outperform Pt, Pd, and Rh. [6] Considering the high potential applied during OER, noble-metal oxides such as IrO 2 and RuO 2 are widely chosen as the state-of-the-art electrocatalysts. Nevertheless, RuO 2 is highly unstable in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes under high anodic potential. [7] Although IrO 2 Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an important half-reaction involved in many electrochemical applications, such as water splitting and rechargeable metal-air batteries. However, the sluggish kinetics of its four-electron transfer process becomes a bottleneck to the performance enhancement. Thus, rational design of electrocatalysts for OER based on thorough understanding of mechanisms and structure-activity relationship is of vital significance. This review begins with the introduction of OER mechanisms which include conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism and lattice-oxygen-mediated...