Electronic nose for detection of food adulteration: a review

Roy, Mrinmoy; Yadav, B. K.

doi:10.1007/s13197-021-05057-w

Cited by 65 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…However, these techniques are destructive, and often require laborious and time-consuming sample pretreatment and preparation. These issues have been addressed by the application of non-invasive analytical techniques requiring very little sample pretreatment and preparation, such as near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy [ 7 ], mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy [ 8 ], Raman spectroscopy [ 9 ], fluorescence spectroscopy [ 10 ], electronic nose (e-nose) systems [ 11 ], ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) fingerprints [ 12 ], ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy [ 13 ], and high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. However, most of these approaches have limited practicality owing to the need for long analysis times, professional training, and high-cost instrumentation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Identification of Adulteration in Edible Vegetable Oils Based on Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Fingerprints

Huang

Xin

Sun

et al. 2021

Foods

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Most current approaches applied for the essential identification of adulteration in edible vegetable oils are of limited practical benefit because they require long analysis times, professional training, and costly instrumentation. The present work addresses this issue by developing a novel simple, accurate, and rapid identification approach based on the magnetic resonance relaxation fingerprints obtained from low-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements of edible vegetable oils. The relaxation fingerprints obtained for six types of edible vegetable oil, including flaxseed oil, olive oil, soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, and sunflower oil, are demonstrated to have sufficiently unique characteristics to enable the identification of the individual types of oil in a sample. By using principal component analysis, three characteristic regions in the fingerprints were screened out to create a novel three-dimensional characteristic coordination system for oil discrimination and adulteration identification. Univariate analysis and partial least squares regression were used to successfully quantify the oil adulteration in adulterated binary oil samples, indicating the great potential of the present approach on both identification and quantification of edible oil adulteration.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Identification of Adulteration in Edible Vegetable Oils Based on Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Fingerprints

Huang

Xin

Sun

et al. 2021

Foods

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“…Volatile compounds are mainly analyzed as metabolites in exhaled breath [46], sweat [47], and saliva [48] secretions, as well as blood [49] and urine vapors [50], diagnosing a disorder in the body. These compounds can also be formed from the breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in food, so that they can be used to control the quality of food products [51][52][53][54]. It is even possible to determine the amount of impurities present in petroleum products, supplements, and medicines qualitatively and quantitatively [44].…”

Section: Classification Of Bio-ppoct Based On the Analyte Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Disposable Paper-Based Biosensors for the Point-of-Care Detection of Hazardous Contaminations—A Review

Bordbar

Sheini

Hashemi³

et al. 2021

Biosensors

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The fast detection of trace amounts of hazardous contaminations can prevent serious damage to the environment. Paper-based sensors offer a new perspective on the world of analytical methods, overcoming previous limitations by fabricating a simple device with valuable benefits such as flexibility, biocompatibility, disposability, biodegradability, easy operation, large surface-to-volume ratio, and cost-effectiveness. Depending on the performance type, the device can be used to analyze the analyte in the liquid or vapor phase. For liquid samples, various structures (including a dipstick, as well as microfluidic and lateral flow) have been constructed. Paper-based 3D sensors are prepared by gluing and folding different layers of a piece of paper, being more user-friendly, due to the combination of several preparation methods, the integration of different sensor elements, and the connection between two methods of detection in a small set. Paper sensors can be used in chromatographic, electrochemical, and colorimetric processes, depending on the type of transducer. Additionally, in recent years, the applicability of these sensors has been investigated in various applications, such as food and water quality, environmental monitoring, disease diagnosis, and medical sciences. Here, we review the development (from 2010 to 2021) of paper methods in the field of the detection and determination of toxic substances.

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“…The consumption of such falsified food may lead to serious health issues. The unscrupulous ghee manufacturers tend to adulterate it with cheaper edible vegetable oil, hydrogenated fats, or animal body fats and starches 6 . India is the world's largest producer and consumer of ghee 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An e‐nose can mimic the sense of smell, collecting the volatile fingerprint information from foodstuffs based on their headspace generation. Pattern recognition chemometric analysis is essential for classifying and recognizing unknown samples using the compiled fingerprint data 6 . Various researchers have recently used a ‘machine olfaction’ technique based on fast gas chromatography (GC) called ‘flash GC e‐nose’ (FGCEN) with different compatibility that has wide applicability for foodstuffs 24‐27 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of soybean oil adulteration in cow ghee (clarified milk fat): an ultrafast study using flash gas chromatography electronic nose coupled with multivariate chemometrics

et al. 2022

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BACKGROUND: Cow ghee is one of the expensive edible fats in the dairy sector. Ghee is often adulterated with low-priced edible oils, like soybean oil, owing to its high market demand. The existing adulteration detection methods are time-consuming, requiring sample preparation and expertise in these fields. The possibility of detecting soybean oil adulteration (from 10% to 100%) in pure cow ghee was investigated in this study. The fingerprint information of volatile compounds was collected using a flash gas chromatography electronic nose (FGCEN) instrument. The classification results were studied using the pattern recognition chemometric models principal component analysis (PCA), soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA), and discriminant function analysis (DFA).RESULTS: The most powerful fingerprint odor of all the samples identified from FGCEN analysis was acetaldehyde (Z)-4-heptenal, 2-propanol, ethyl propanoate, and pentan-2-one. The odor analysis investigation was accomplished with an average analysis time of 90 s. A clear differentiation of all the samples with an excellent classification accuracy of more than 99% was achieved with the PCA and DFA chemometric methods. However, the results of the SIMCA model showed that SIMCA could only be used to detect ghee adulteration at higher concentration levels (30% to 100%). The validation study shows good agreement between FGCEN and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods.CONCLUSION: The methodology demonstrated coupled with PCA and DFA methods for adulteration detection in ghee using FGCEN apparatus has been an efficient and convenient technique. This study explored the capability of the FGCEN instrument to tackle the adulteration problems in ghee.

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Electronic nose for detection of food adulteration: a review

Cited by 65 publications

References 47 publications

Rapid Identification of Adulteration in Edible Vegetable Oils Based on Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Fingerprints

Rapid Identification of Adulteration in Edible Vegetable Oils Based on Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Fingerprints

Disposable Paper-Based Biosensors for the Point-of-Care Detection of Hazardous Contaminations—A Review

Detection of soybean oil adulteration in cow ghee (clarified milk fat): an ultrafast study using flash gas chromatography electronic nose coupled with multivariate chemometrics

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