Electrooptic Polymer Ring Resonator Modulation up to 165 GHz

100 Gbit/s / 1 V Optical Modulator With Slotted Slow-Light Polymer-Infiltrated Silicon Photonic Crystal

“…A Y-branch splits the light in two arms, where phase modulators are inserted. The phase modulation takes place in a narrow gap w (2) filled with a χ gap -nonlinear polymer inside a PC-WG. The PC is designed to have low group velocity, which enhances the nonlinear interaction.…”

“…Rapid progress has been made in developing silicon modulators which are driven by free carrier injection up to 30 GHz [1]. Much faster, but narrow-banded modulation at 165 GHz has been shown with nonlinear electro-optic polymers [2], which can also be employed as cladding material for silicon slot waveguides (WG) [3]. In photonic crystal (PC) WGs, the group velocity of light may be reduced, which significantly enhances nonlinear interaction and enables efficient modulation [4].…”

Gigahertz-rate optical modulation on Mach-Zehnder PLZT electro-optic modulators formed on silicon substrates by aerosol deposition

“…In contrast, modulators using material with high electro-optic (EO) coefficient, such as EO polymer [8], LiNbO 3 (LN) [9], (Ba, Sr)TiO 3 (BST) [10], are much more promising, because the smaller-size and lower-voltage modulators can be realized by exploiting the high-EO effect and because device operation is not limited in the wavelength range over 1.2 μm [2]. EO polymers have a relatively large EO effect at high frequency (about 165 GHz) [8].…”

“…EO polymers have a relatively large EO effect at high frequency (about 165 GHz) [8]. However, since the refractive index difference, Δ, of a polymer waveguide is low (i.e., Δ of several percent), the size of the ring modulator is relatively large (ring radius of 1 mm).…”

Sensitivity improvement of broadband electro-optic polymer-based optical phase modulator using 1D and 2D photonic crystal structures

“…The use of EO polymers allows for a large EO coefficient (r 33 ), very low dispersion, a fast response time (<1 ps), and simple fabrication [3,4] . Compared to the limitations of traditional inorganic crystal modulators in terms of the EO coefficient (r 33 ∼ 30 pm∕V), the use of a synthesized EO polymer allows a higher EO coefficient (r 33 ¼ 138 pm∕V at 1550 nm) due to the progress of chromophore synthesis and the high efficiency of poling; this improvement allows for a better modulation efficiency [5] and extremely high modulation speeds of over 150 GHz [6,7] …”