Electrophoretic behavior and pKa determination of quinolones with a piperazinyl substituent by capillary zone electrophoresis

Fast removal of the antibiotic flumequine from aqueous solution by ozonation: Influencing factors, reaction pathways, and toxicity evaluation

“…Structurally, FLU is a representative of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics containing a carboxylic group, with pKa = 6.35 (Lin et al, 2004). The anionic form of FLU therefore predominates in an alkaline medium (pH N pKa), while its neutral form is the major species in an acidic medium (pH b pKa).…”

Application of single drop liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of fluoroquinolones in human urine by capillary electrophoresis

“…The pK a values of FQs were generally from 7.24 to 8.70 for the ammonium form and from 5.66 to 6.81 for the carboxylic function [23][24][25]. In view of the pK a values of FQs, the sample pH was studied within the range of 5.0-8.0.…”

Separation of Fluoroquinolones by MEKC Modified with Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid as a Modifier

“…A similar mixture of micelles was formed by these interactions. Therefore, ionic liquids, SDS concentration, and their amounts commonly determine the phase characteristics and electrochemical properties of micelles including micelle size, charge density, and aggregation number [19]. In other words, the ionic liquid changed the distribution behavior of the analytes between the aqueous phase and micellar phase which thereby affected the separation selectivity.…”