Electropolymerized Pyrrole-Based Conductive Polymeric Ionic Liquids and Their Application for Solid-Phase Microextraction

Abstract

Pyrrole was covalently bonded to 1-methyl and 1-benzylimidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) via an N-substituted alkyl linkage to prepare electropolymerizable IL monomers with excellent thermal stability. The methylimidazolium IL, [pyrrole-CMIm], was then electropolymerized on macro- and microelectrode materials to form conductive polymeric IL (CPIL)-modified surfaces. Electrochemical characterization of a 1.6 mm diameter Pt disk electrode modified with poly[pyrrole-CMIm] demonstrated a selective uptake for an anionic redox probe while rejecting a cationic redox probe. Furthermore, electropolymerization of [pyrrole-CMIm] doped with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) on 125 μm platinum wires produced 42 μm thick poly[pyrrole-CMIm]/SWNT films compared to 17 μm in the absence of SWNT and 5 μm for the previously reported poly[thiophene-CMIm] coatings. The poly[pyrrole-CMIm]/SWNT films were prepared with reproducible thicknesses as well as thermal properties sufficient for high-temperature applications, such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with gas chromatographic analysis. The utilization of the CPIL sorbent materials in SPME experiments provided excellent extraction efficiencies and selectivity toward organic aromatic analytes. The CPIL sorbent coatings also yielded outstanding fiber-to-fiber reproducibility on the basis of extraction efficiencies and improved response for a range of analytes relative to commercial 100 μm poly(dimethylsiloxane) fibers when normalized for differences in film thickness. Poly[pyrrole-CMIm] CPIL coatings doped with SWNT are therefore promising new sorbent materials for SPME analyses.

Radically Accessing D–A Type Ambipolar Copolymeric Materials with Intrinsic Electrical Conductivity and Visible–Near Infrared Absorption Via Electro‐Copolymerization

“…[16][17][18][19][20] The synthesis of conjugated polymers can be conducted under mild conditions with direct deposition of polymers onto conducting substrates for further device fabrication which reduces contaminants that can alter electrical properties. [21][22][23] By utilizing electrochemical methods, polymerization sequences can be varied by changing the type and surface of the electrode as well as the concentration of each monomer. [24,25] The latter has been demonstrated in our previous work where we were able to successfully show copolymerization of benzothiadiazole (BTD)-based copolymers with controlled stoichiometric ratios.…”

“…We and others have reported on the application of electropolymerization as a low‐cost and straightforward alternative strategy to chemical synthesis . The synthesis of conjugated polymers can be conducted under mild conditions with direct deposition of polymers onto conducting substrates for further device fabrication which reduces contaminants that can alter electrical properties . By utilizing electrochemical methods, polymerization sequences can be varied by changing the type and surface of the electrode as well as the concentration of each monomer .…”

Improving the Electrochemical Performance and Stability of Polypyrrole by Polymerizing Ionic Liquids

“…The combination of PIL with conducting polymers has been described before, with various synthesis and objective approaches, such as applying monomers with imidazolium cations to electropolymerize thin films [27,28]. Chemical polymerization of conducting polymers in aqueous solution using hydrophobic PIL as a stabilizer has allowed to make entrapped conducting polymers inside the microparticles [29] for potential applications in OLED [25].…”

4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (Purpald®)'un Elektropolimerizayonu

“…can be easily controlled and thus conductive films having different properties, such as thickness, and functions (e.g. impregnation of charge transport agents) can be obtained (Dunst et al, 2017;Kim and Palmore, 2012;Chen et al, 2013;Correa et al, 2016;Mangione et al, 2018;Castaneda et al, 2017;Boursicot et al, 2017;Wolfart et al, 2017;Devasurendra et al, 2017;Si and Song, 2018;Azak et al, 2018;Shamsipur et al, 2018;Rao et al, 2018).…”