Electrospinning of in situ and ex situ synthesized polyimide composites reinforced by titanate nanotubes

Utari

Putra

et al. 2020

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The development of smart polymer materials is reviewed and illustrated. Important examples of these polymers include conducting polymers, ionic gels, stimulus-response be used polymers, liquid crystalline polymers and piezoelectric materials, which have desirable properties for use in wearable sensors. This review outlines the mode of action in these types of smart polymers systems for utilisation as wearable sensors. Categories of wearable sensors are considered as tattoo-like designs, patch-like, textile-based, and contact lens-based sensors. The advantages and disadvantages of each sensor types are considered together with information on the typical performance. The research gap linking smart polymer materials to wearable sensors with integrated power systems is highlighted. Smart polymer systems may be used as part of a holistic approach to improve wearable devices and accelerate the integration of wearable sensors and power systems, particularly in health care.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review—The Development of Wearable Polymer-Based Sensors: Perspectives

Utari

Putra

et al. 2020

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…[8]. Incorporation of elongated titanates into the polymers can improve the transport properties in nanofiltration membranes [9], gas sorption capacity [10], corrosion resistance [11], and thermal properties [12]. It has also been used to strengthen polymer blends such as polyethylene oxide and chitosan [13].…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titanate nanotubes and nanosheets as a mechanical reinforcement of water-soluble polyamic acid: Experimental and theoretical studies

Composites Part B: Engineering

Bavykin

Light

et al. 2017

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Titanate nanosheets (TiNS), titanate nanotubes (TiNT), and scrolled titanate nanosheets (STiNS) were used to synthesise polymer nanocomposites by solution processing. The hardness was found to increase by 90% on addition of 2% TiNS while the modulus (Er) increased by 103% compared to the pure polymer. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements of composite films were used to study alignment of nanostructures within the polymer. The obtained data on mechanical properties of composites have been tested against theoretical values and it was established that both nanostructures alignment as well as their mechanical properties affect the hardness and modulus of the polymer composites. At a low content of TiNS, the reinforcement behaviour matched well with Halpin-Tsai theory which assumes the filler has unidirectional orientation. After addition of 2 wt% TiNT, the hardness and modulus of the polyamic acid salt composites increased by 91% and 165%, respectively, and were higher than theoretical predictions, indicating that both TiNT and STiNS, prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, may have higher mechanical properties than bulk TiO 2. At a high filler loading (>2 wt%), the mechanical properties of composites do not fit established theories due to agglomeration of titanate nanostructures.

“…Due to the large degree of contact between nanofiller and polymer, the nanofiller may significantly improve polymer properties even at a small addition. The enhancement of several polymer properties such as electrical, 1 thermal, 2,3 UV resistance, 4 and mechanical properties 5 allow the broad applications of nanocomposites in structural composites, 6 gas sensing, 7,8 electromagnetic interference shielding, 9,10 radar-absorbing filter, 11 and spacecraft. 12 By using nanofiller, it is possible to produce a polymer composite with multi functionalities; 13 for example, conducting nanofiller may act as self-sensing material in composite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes/epoxy nanocomposites: Pre-curing, curing temperature, and cooling rate

Judawisastra

High Performance Polymers

Anindyajati

et al. 2021

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The effects of composite fabrication, such as pre-curing, curing temperature, and cooling rate, were studied. In this work, the pre-curing was defined as heat treatment of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNCTs) with Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin. Acid purified MWCNTs were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The pre-curing facilitated bonding between MWCNTs and epoxy via the oxirane ring of DGEBA, which accelerated the curing process of epoxy and increased mechanical properties. The elevated curing temperature on the pre-cured sample further improved the composite’s mechanical properties by increasing interfacial bonding due to cross-linking. The rapid cooling using liquid nitrogen during pre-curing treatment prevented re-agglomeration of MWCNTs, showing smaller agglomerates and improving the mechanical properties. Agglomeration was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, while the bonding between MWCNTs and epoxy was examined by the length of fibre pull-out on the fracture surface. Tensile testing was deployed for mechanical properties characterization. The degree of cure was determined by FTIR and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA).