Electrospinning of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanofiber containing growth hormone and its release investigations

Abstract

A wound is defined as an interruption in the integrity of skin and mucus tissue. There are challenges in the treatment of some lesions, such as diabetic ulcers, burn injuries and pressure ulcers. Wound dressing is one of the new methods used to treat these types of ulcers. Nanofibers are very suitable structures for wound healing due to their prevention of pathogen penetration into the wound environment and providing sufficient gaseous exchange, absorption of wound secretions and controlled release of the drug to the site of damage. These nanofibers can carry therapeutic proteins such as the human growth hormone (hGH). Resulting system provides sustained delivery of hGH, thereby achieving sustained therapeutic concentrations of these agents in the blood. Because of the biocompatibility, biodegradability, nonimmunological and nontoxic nature of polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan and hyaluronic acid, they were used to prepare nanofibers via the electrospinning method. In order to evaluate stability of the nanofibers, they were cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde and examined with respect to morphology and size before and after cross‐linking using SEM. Nanofiber characteristics such as hydrophilicity, cytotoxicity, and the manner of release were tested by carrying out water contact angle, MTT and ELISA test. Diameters of the nanofibers were 261 ± 17 and 288 ± 20 nm before and after cross‐linking, respectively, and the results of investigating hydrophilicity at 2 and 5 seconds demonstrated angles of 57.8 and 34.7° respectively, thus indicating that the nanofibers are hydrophilic. The MTT test showed that nanofibers do not have any toxicity towards skin fibroblasts. It was also shown that nanofibers provide a sustained release mechanism after an initial burst release, so that after 2 days, 64% of the growth hormone is released from the nanofibers.

Antimicrobial Activity of Blow Spun PLA/Gelatin Nanofibers Containing Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles against Wound Infection-Causing Bacteria

“…The time required for spinning polymers in previous studies was generally above one hour. This is despite the fact that gelatin and PLA polymers were spun in 10 min in the present study and the desired textiles were obtained [ 51 , 52 ]. The antibacterial test showed that silver nanoparticles, in addition to being able to exert their effect in the open environment, can also express their antibacterial properties among nanofibers and prevent the growth of bacteria.…”

Production and Application of Biomaterials Based on Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as Wound Dressing

“…PVA‐chitosan‐ hyaluronic acid (HA) dressings crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and containing growth hormone were prepared by electrospinning. The resultant dressing is hydrophilic, non‐toxic, and provides a sustained‐release mechanism in which 64% of growth hormone was released from the nanofibers 2 days after the initial burst release [34] . Barzegar et al (2021) developed a core‐shell nanofiber scaffold composed of PVP‐maltodextrin as a shell and PVA‐chitosan as a core for a nanofiber dressing.…”

“…The resultant dressing is hydrophilic, non-toxic, and provides a sustained-release mechanism in which 64% of growth hormone was released from the nanofibers 2 days after the initial burst release. [34] Barzegar et al (2021) developed a core-shell nanofiber scaffold composed of PVP-maltodextrin as a shell and PVA-chitosan as a core for a nanofiber dressing. The manufactured nanofiber dressing contains antibacterial substances, has improved physical properties, and has antioxidant and antibacterial effects.…”

“…Promote cell proliferation and increase hydrophilicity by propolis [38] PVA-chitosan-genipin Manufacture dressing using genipin as a crosslinking agent in a simple process [42] PVA-chitosan-curcumin Improved antibacterial activity with the use of curcumin and controlled drug release [43] Nanofiber PVA-chitosan-HA Improved stability by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde, and continuous release of human growth hormone [34] PVA-chitosan-starch Increased mechanical properties, porosity, water absorption and water vapor permeability with the use of chitosan/ starch [36] PVA-chitosan-silk sericin Promote cell proliferation, antibacterial activity and wound healing by sericin and tetracycline [44] PVA-chitosan-copper A double layer composed of a bilayer nanofiber composed of PVA-chitosan containing Cu NPs and a first layer composed of PVP nanofibers [45] PVA-chitosan A double layer composed of a bilayer nanofiber composed of PVA and a first layer composed of chitosan-Neem extract nanofibers [46] PVA-chitosan-fibrin Three-layer nanocomposite membrane with improved exudate absorption, antibacterial and drug release properties with the use of chitosan/fibrin [47] Table 2. Various types of PVA-alginate-based wound dressing materials.…”

“…[98] In addition, growth hormone to promote wound healing has been studied. [34] Dressings incorporating drugs such as diclofenac sodium for the treatment of inflammation have also been studied. [88,96]…”