Electrospun biodegradable nanofibers scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Many polymeric materials have been developed and introduced for bone regeneration. Especially, their nanofibrous forms are mostly applied for artificial extracellular matrices. Polymeric materials in their nanofibrous form show some potent properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, tunable porosity, and ease of surface functionalization. Benefiting from the properties of their main polymer and additives, they can provide new opportunities for cell seeding, proliferation, and new 3D-tissue formation. This article focuses on most cited polymeric nanofibrous scaffolds fabricated by electrospinning and recent achievements. They were divided into two main categories: natural (collagen, silk, keratin, gelatin, chitosan, and alginate) and synthetic (e.g., polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, and polyglycolic acid) polymers. The role of several additives like hydroxyapatite, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), tricalcium phosphate, and collagen type I in improving the adhesion, differentiation, and tissue formation of stem cells were discussed. Finally, the osteogenic capacity and ability of nanofibrous scaffolds to support the growth of clinically relevant bone tissue were briefly studied.

Electrospinning of polycaprolactone nanofibers using H2O as benign additive in polycaprolactone/glacial acetic acid solution

“…Various synthetic and natural biocompatible polymers have been electrospun and modified to meet diverse applications in accordance with the specific requirements for different tissues . Among these, polycaprolactone (PCL), a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer with rheological and viscoelastic properties superior to many bioresorbable polymer counterparts, has been fabricated into a fibrous structure with the electrospinning method and applied for drug delivery, wound dressing, and tissue regeneration . However, in order to obtain bead‐free nanoscale fibers, some highly toxic solvents such as chloroform, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, and mixtures thereof have often been used in the electrospinning of PCL …”

Development of novel electrically conductive scaffold based on hyperbranched polyester and polythiophene for tissue engineering applications

“…This process is based on the application of a strong electrostatic field between a capillary, connected to a tank containing a polymer solution, and a ground collector. It is well established that the polymeric nanofiber scaffolds can mimic the architecture and biological functions of the ECM …”

Bio‐inspired “green” nanocomposite using hydroxyapatite synthesized from eggshell waste and soy protein

“…Moreover, synthesized HA at nanoscale can provide exceptional functional and mechanical properties similar to biological HA due to its large surface area to volume ratio and tunable ultrafine structure. As a result, nanoscale HA has been extensively utilized with various polymers to fabricate composites for bioapplications such as tissue scaffolds and bone regenerations …”