Electrowinning of antimony from model sulphide alkaline solutions

Awe, Samuel Ayowole; Sandström, Åke

doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.04.006

Cited by 53 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…It has been identified that higher current density resulted in larger cell capacity and labor productivity, but this will concomitantly increase the cell voltage and power consumption [37]. These results are in line with the results published by Awe and Sandström [38], who electrowon the antimony from the model sulfide alkaline solutions. Moreover, the energy consumption was 1.69 kWh per kilogram of tellurium deposited at the current density of 80 A/m 2 , which is much lower than that in the tellurium conventional parallel plate electrowinning process (3.40 kWh) [39].…”

Section: Effect Of Current Densitysupporting

confidence: 86%

Selective Recovery of Tellurium from the Tellurium-Bearing Sodium Carbonate Slag by Sodium Sulfide Leaching Followed by Cyclone Electrowinning

Dong

et al. 2020

Metals

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The rigorous environmental requirements promote the development of new processes with short and clean technical routes for recycling tellurium from tellurium-bearing sodium carbonate slag. In this paper, a novel process for selective recovery of tellurium from the sodium carbonate slag by sodium sulfide leaching, followed by cyclone electrowinning, was proposed. 88% of tellurium was selectively extracted in 40 g/L Na2S solution at 50 °C for 60 min with a liquid to solid ratio of 8:1 mL/g, while antimony, lead and bismuth were enriched in the leaching residue. Tellurium in the leach liquor was efficiently electrodeposited by cyclone electrowinning without purification. The effects of current density, temperature and flow rate of the electrolyte on current efficiency, tellurium recovery, cell voltage, energy consumption, surface morphology, and crystallographic orientations were systematically investigated. 91.81% of current efficiency and 95.47% of tellurium recovery were achieved at current density of 80 A/m2, electrolyte temperature of 45 °C and electrolyte flow rate of 400 L/h. The energy consumption was as low as 1.81 kWh/kg. A total of 99.38% purity of compact tellurium deposits were obtained. Therefore, the proposed process may serve as a promising alternative for recovering tellurium from tellurium-bearing sodium carbonate slag.

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Section: Effect Of Current Densitysupporting

confidence: 86%

Selective Recovery of Tellurium from the Tellurium-Bearing Sodium Carbonate Slag by Sodium Sulfide Leaching Followed by Cyclone Electrowinning

Dong

et al. 2020

Metals

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“…Equation 2shows the formation of hydrogen gas for alkaline solutions. Fortunately, this reaction can be inhibited when the Sb concentration in the solution is more than 20 g/L [21]. Another undesired side-reaction that causes unnecessary energy consumption on the cathode surface is the reduction reaction of Sb (V) to Sb (III), shown in equation 3.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The excess Na2SO4 was precipitated and removed from the solution to overcome the decreasing current efficiency caused by sulfur oxidation. However, this process was not sufficient because of the formation of polysulfides and thiosulphates due to low current efficiency [21]. The other electrochemically antimony production from alkaline sulfide solution using non-diaphragm cell electrolysis was conducted by Anderson, Nordwick [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This process is useful in removing sulfur species, but an extra precipitation step is still required for the process. A recent study on metallic antimony production with nondiaphragm cell electrolysis from alkaline sulfur solution was studied by Awe and Sandström [21]. In that study, the oxidation of sulfur ions was prevented by increasing the anode current density, which preferably led to oxygen evolution instead of the oxidation of sulfur ions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-diaphragm electrodeposition of antimony: Effect of process parameters and precipitating agents

Morcali

Küçükoğlu

Çetiner

et al. 2022

J min metall B Metall

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Metallic antimony production from antimony-bearing materials is a research hotspot. The conventional electrowinning technology of antimony is a challenging problem due to the sulfur compounds that come from both the ore itself and the leaching solution in the electrolysis system. The electro-production of antimony in modified non-diaphragm cells is of interest because of the high price and maintenance issues associated with diaphragm cells. A sulfur-based problem in non-diaphragm cells is the focus of this study, which investigates the effects of various salts on this problem and also optimizes antimony production conditions. Various salts (i.e., BaCl2, CaCl2, Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2) were used as a precipitating agent for the formation of insoluble salts (BaSO4/CaSO4 and BaSO3/CaSO3), Sb concentration, amount of NaOH and Na2S in the bath, electrowinning time, and temperature were investigated to optimize reaction parameters. The Taguchi experimental design was used to determine the effect of each factor on the Sb deposition. The phases and structures formed during electroproduction were identified with the help of various measurement techniques This study found that in the presence of 96 mM BaCl2, 45 g/L of Sb concentration, 100 g/L of NaOH, and 60 g/L of Na2S were the most suitable factors. It was found that 40oC was the optimal electrowinning temperature. This result also demonstrated that increasing concentrations of BaCl2 reduced specific energy consumption.

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“…At this moment, mainly pyrometallurgical processes − are used for recovering antimony from ores or residues, but hydrometallurgical processes are gaining more attention. The two main hydrometallurgical processing routes for antimony recovery are alkaline sulfide leaching ,− and acidic chloride leaching systems, ,,− which are both followed by an electrowinning step to obtain pure antimony metal. The alkaline sulfide leaching system has been implemented in industry, but it generates waste products which are difficult to dispose (Na 2 SO 4 and Na 2 S 2 O 3 ) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimony Recovery from Lead-Rich Dross of Lead Smelter and Conversion into Antimony Oxide Chloride (Sb₄O₅Cl₂)

Palden

Machiels

Regadío

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Antimony was selectively leached from a lead-rich industrial process residue called 'dross', and recovered as an antimony oxide chloride (Sb4O5Cl2), which can be used as a component in flame retardants or as an anode material in aqueous chloride batteries. The dross is a residue generated by a lead smelter and it contained about 30 wt% of lead and about the same concentration of antimony, along with some minor metals such as zinc, iron and tin. Solutions of hydrochloric acid dissolved in organic solvents such as ethanol, 1-octanol, ethylene glycol and Aliquat 336 chloride were compared for selective leaching of antimony. All investigated lixiviants leached comparable amounts of antimony (60−76%), but the lowest co-dissolution of lead (~0.1%) was achieved by hydrochloric acid in ethanol or in 1-octanol. Only ethanol was chosen for further investigation since it is significantly cheaper than 1-octanol. Moreover, ethanol is classified as an environmentally preferable green solvent. Hydrochloric acid in ethanol leached much less lead than using water, and the former also required lower chloride concentration to get high leaching yields of antimony. Leaching under optimized conditions was successfully upscaled in a 1 L batch leaching reactor, achieving an antimony leaching efficiency of 90% (28000 mg L -1 ) and a lead leaching efficiency of only 0.4% (100 mg L -1 ). The dissolved antimony in the pregnant leach solution (PLS) was fully recovered by hydrolysis precipitation whereby high-purity antimony oxide chloride (Sb4O5Cl2) was obtained, by adding to the PLS an equivalent volume of water.The ethanol in the remaining PLS was distilled to be reused for more leaching. The valorization of an industrial process residue and the use of ethanol contribute to the sustainability and the greenness of the process.

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Electrowinning of antimony from model sulphide alkaline solutions

Cited by 53 publications

References 8 publications

Selective Recovery of Tellurium from the Tellurium-Bearing Sodium Carbonate Slag by Sodium Sulfide Leaching Followed by Cyclone Electrowinning

Selective Recovery of Tellurium from the Tellurium-Bearing Sodium Carbonate Slag by Sodium Sulfide Leaching Followed by Cyclone Electrowinning

Non-diaphragm electrodeposition of antimony: Effect of process parameters and precipitating agents

Antimony Recovery from Lead-Rich Dross of Lead Smelter and Conversion into Antimony Oxide Chloride (Sb₄O₅Cl₂)

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Electrowinning of antimony from model sulphide alkaline solutions

Cited by 53 publications

References 8 publications

Selective Recovery of Tellurium from the Tellurium-Bearing Sodium Carbonate Slag by Sodium Sulfide Leaching Followed by Cyclone Electrowinning

Selective Recovery of Tellurium from the Tellurium-Bearing Sodium Carbonate Slag by Sodium Sulfide Leaching Followed by Cyclone Electrowinning

Non-diaphragm electrodeposition of antimony: Effect of process parameters and precipitating agents

Antimony Recovery from Lead-Rich Dross of Lead Smelter and Conversion into Antimony Oxide Chloride (Sb4O5Cl2)

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Product

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Antimony Recovery from Lead-Rich Dross of Lead Smelter and Conversion into Antimony Oxide Chloride (Sb₄O₅Cl₂)