Elektrische Energieversorgung

Heuck, Klaus; Dettmann, Klaus-Dieter; Schulz, Detlef

doi:10.1007/978-3-8348-9761-9

Cited by 48 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…For this reason, a second factor, the load density, is introduced. In the context of electrical engineering the load density is defined as the aggregated total load per area [31]. Likewise, a high load density implies that more heat can be delivered to the buildings with reduced distribution losses per building as these buildings stand closer together.…”

Section: Fig 9 Plr Of Selected High Diverse Heating Load Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of heating load diversity in German residential districts and implications for the application in district heating systems

Weißmann

Hong

Graubner

2017

Energy and Buildings

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In recent years, the application of district heating systems for the heat supply of residential districts has been increasing in Germany. Central supply systems can be very efficient due to diverse energy demand profiles which may lead to reduced installed equipment capacity. Load diversity in buildings has been investigated in former studies, especially for the electricity demand. However, little is known about the influence of single building characteristics (such as building envelope or hot water demand) on the overall heating peak load of a residential district. For measuring the diversity, the peak load ratio (PLR) index is used to represent the percentage reduction of peak load of a district system from a simple sum of individual peak loads of buildings. A total of 144 residential building load profiles have been created with the dynamic building simulation software IDA ICE for a theoretical analysis in which the PLR reaches 1 PLR = Peak load ratio SFH = Single-family house MFH = Multi-family house PPH = People per household AIS = Aggregated individual supply CS = Central supply DH = District Heating 15%. Within this study, certain district features are identified which lead to higher diversity. Furthermore, these results are used in a district heating simulation model which confronts the possible advantage of reduced installed capacity with the practical disadvantage of heat distribution losses. Likewise, the influence of load density and the district´s building structure can be analyzed. This study shows that especially in districts with high load density, which consist of newly constructed buildings with low supply temperature and high influence of the hot water demand, the advantages of load diversity can be exploited.

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Section: Fig 9 Plr Of Selected High Diverse Heating Load Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pipe lengths for the scenario analysis are chosen according to Dötsch [31] (Table 7). Apart from that, an average pressure loss of 100 Pa/m is assumed [32].…”

Section: Fig 9 Plr Of Selected High Diverse Heating Load Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of heating load diversity in German residential districts and implications for the application in district heating systems

Weißmann

Hong

Graubner

2017

Energy and Buildings

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“…The transmission grid is mainly characterized by suspended above-surface cables with visible electricity pylons. There are currently approximately 35,000 km of transmission grids with 1,100 electricity transformers in Germany [19], [20].…”

Section: Extra High Voltage Grids (220-kv To 380-kv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, high voltage grids provide electricity to large industrial consumers and are also employed to feed in electricity from smaller power plants, wind farms, and large PV parks. There are approximately 95,000 km of high voltage grids and 7,500 electricity transformers at this level [19] [20].…”

Section: Extra High Voltage Grids (220-kv To 380-kv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Germany’s way from conventional power grids towards smart grids

Brunekreeft

Buchmann

Dänekas

et al. 2015

Regulatory Pathways for Smart Grid Development in China

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“…The 4 generators of a B787 aircraft e.g. produce 1 MW of electrical power [1] [2]. Most of the electrical consumers in an aircraft grid are loads with internal or external converters [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of small Constant-Power-Loads on the power supply system of an aircraft

Brombach

Jordan

Grumm

et al. 2013

2013 International Conference-Workshop Compatibility and Power Electronics

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Today most electrical consumers in an aircraft grid are electronic loads. Compared to resistive or motoric loads these loads have constant power consumption, which is independent of the supply voltage. This characteristic may have a negative effect on the stability of a power supply system. In addition real Constant-Power-Loads can have some other peculiarities. Depending of the topology or the supplied voltage type (AC or DC) the dynamic characteristic differs. This paper deals with a characterization of 4 types of Constant-Power-Loads in an actual and future aircraft grid. The investigations are focused to the dynamic characterization of different loads. Theoretical investigations are combined with measurements in an artificial aircraft grid with realistic supply voltage variations.

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Elektrische Energieversorgung

Cited by 48 publications

References 0 publications

Analysis of heating load diversity in German residential districts and implications for the application in district heating systems

Analysis of heating load diversity in German residential districts and implications for the application in district heating systems

Germany’s way from conventional power grids towards smart grids

Influence of small Constant-Power-Loads on the power supply system of an aircraft

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