Element fluxes through European forest ecosystems and their relationships with stand and site characteristics

Vries, Wim de; Salm, C. van der; Reinds, G.J.; Erisman, J. W.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.12.001

Cited by 87 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Nitrate leaching at our sites was low to moderate (0-16 kg N ha -1 a -1 ) and within the range of values reported by de Vries et al (2007) from 121 other ICP-Forests level II sites across Europe (119 sites between 0 and 20 kg N ha -1 a -1 and two sites between 20 and 50 kg N ha -1 a -1 ). MacDonald et al (2002) also reported nitrate leaching values ranging from \1 to[40 kg N ha -1 a -1 , using a set of 181 European sites.…”

Section: Nitrate Leachingsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…However, nitrate leaching depends not only on nitrogen input, but also on the C/N ratio of the humus-rich soil layers. C/N ratios below 25 are indicative of a high risk of nitrate leaching, while no or little leaching is usually recorded at sites with C/N ratios above 30 (Dise et al 1998;Gundersen et al 2006;Kristensen et al 2004;van der Salm et al 2007). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Does exceeding the critical loads for nitrogen alter nitrate leaching, the nutrient status of trees and their crown condition at Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) sites?

et al. 2009

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Nitrogen (N) deposition exceeds the critical loads for this element in most parts of Switzerland apart from the Alps. At 17 sites (8 broadleaved stands, 8 coniferous stands, and 1 mixed stand) of the Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research network, we are investigating whether N deposition is associated with the N status of the forest ecosystems. N deposition, assessed from throughfall measurements, was related to the following indicators: (1) nitrate leaching below the rooting zone (measured on a subset of 9 sites); (2) the N nutrition of the forest stand based on foliar analyses (16 sites); and (3) crown defoliation, a non specific indicator of tree vitality (all 17 sites). Nitrate leaching ranging from about 2 to 16 kg N ha -1 a -1 was observed at sites subjected to moderate to high total N deposition ([10 kg ha -1 a -1 ). The C/N ratio of the soil organic layer, or, when it was not present, of the upper 5 cm of the mineral soil, together with the pool of organic carbon in the soil, played a critical role, as previous studies have also found. In addition, the humus type may need to be considered as well. For instance, little nitrate leaching (\2 kg N ha -1 a -1 ) was recorded at the Novaggio site, which is subjected to high total N deposition ([30 kg ha -1 a -1 ) but characterized by a C/N ratio of 24, large organic C stocks, and a moder humus type. Foliar N concentrations correlated with N deposition in both broadleaved and coniferous stands. In half of the coniferous stands, foliar N concentrations were in the deficiency range. Crown defoliation tended to be negatively correlated with N concentrations in the needles. In the majority of the broadleaved stands, foliar N concentrations were in the optimum nutritional range or, on one beech plot with high total N deposition ([25 kg ha -1 a -1 ), above the optimum values. There was no correlation between the crown defoliation of broadleaved trees and foliar concentrations.

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Section: Nitrate Leachingsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Does exceeding the critical loads for nitrogen alter nitrate leaching, the nutrient status of trees and their crown condition at Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) sites?

et al. 2009

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“…Total P concentrations in the water were determined after filtration (0.45 lm) with colorimetry or at an ICP-AES. Annual P loads were calculated from the total average P concentrations and accumulated seepage water below the rooting zone (0.6-1.2 m) (de Vries et al 2007). The amount of seepage water per ha per year was determined from the chloride balance.…”

Section: Seepage Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a simple input-output balance model, the ecosystem is seen as black box. Yet, despite its simplicity with this model type, an accumulation or loss of nutrients can be diagnosed, which is an important indicator of nutrient supply and long-term forest ecosystem stability (Campo et al 2001;de Vries et al 2007). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus supply and cycling at long-term forest monitoring sites in Germany

2009

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In this study, the supply and input-output balances of phosphorus (P) were investigated for a 10-yearperiod at 85 long-term monitoring sites in German forest ecosystems under the European Level II programme. These sites encompass 23 European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands, 9 oak stands comprised of common oak (Quercus robur L.) and/or sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.), 20 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and 33 Norway spruce (Picea abies H.Karst.) stands. We quantified P concentrations in needles and leaves, P inputs from the atmosphere, P outputs through leaching and harvesting, and total P in the soil and humus layers. The P concentrations in European beech leaves from two sites ([1 mg P g -1 dry weight), and in Norway spruce needles from four sites ([1.2 mg P g -1 dry weight), were deficient over several years. In contrast, the oak and Scots pine sites were well supplied with P. When P removal through harvesting was disregarded, P balances were positive or stable (median 0.21 kg P ha -1 a -1 ). With harvesting, balances were mostly negative (median -0.35 kg P ha -1 a -1 ), with longterm P removal from the forest ecosystems.

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“…The process of acidification will be hampered when the concentration of base cations increases, which may last for many decades According to the data of the European Intensive Monitoring, below throughfall inputs of 10 kg·ha -1 ·y -1 , the leaching of nitrogen is negligible. Another factor limiting the leaching of nitrogen is a high (over 30) C/N ratio in organic soil layers (DE VRIES et al, 2007). In Chojnów the sum of mineral nitrogen only in 2006 approached 10 kg·ha -1 being lower in other years and the C/N ratio in humic soil layer ranged between 25 and 35.…”

Section: Soil Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic deposition and chemistry of soil solutions in a forested study area in the Chojnów Forest District in the years 2004-2007

Kowalska¹,

Janek²

2009

Journal of Water and Land Development

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Abstract:The study was carried out in the years 2004-2007 in a permanent observation plot established in a pine tree stand growing in a mixed fresh coniferous forest habitat of the Chojnów Forest District. Analyses pertained to the deposition of mineral compounds delivered to soil with bulk precipitation in the open field and throughfall and to chemical compositions of soil solution at a depth of 25 cm and 50 cm. pH, electrical conductivity and concentrations of Ca, Mg, Cl, NO 3 , SO 4 , Na, K, Fe, Mn, NH 4 , PO 4 , Zn, Cd, Cu, and Pb were analysed in precipitation and in soil solution samples.Total load of ions under the canopy of pine trees ranged between 47 and 61 kg·ha -1 ·year -1 . Acidifying ions (N + S + Cl) contributed in 51% to the total ionic load (in mol c ·ha -1 ·year -1 ) while base ions (Ca + Mg + Na + K) in only 36%. Respective percentage contribution in bulk precipitation was 69% and 19%. No relationship was found between the chemical composition of soil solutions (at both depths) and the chemical composition of precipitation waters. Analysed soil solutions were acidic (average pH at the depth of 25 cm and 50 cm was 4.3 and 4.4, respectively) and the molar ratio of the sum of base cations (Ca, Mg, and K) to Al in the majority of examined samples from the upper soil layer, was much lower than 1. This is the evidence of low buffering capacities of analysed soil in relation to acidifying loads and indicates a potential threat for the pine stand stability.

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Element fluxes through European forest ecosystems and their relationships with stand and site characteristics

Cited by 87 publications

References 18 publications

Does exceeding the critical loads for nitrogen alter nitrate leaching, the nutrient status of trees and their crown condition at Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) sites?

Does exceeding the critical loads for nitrogen alter nitrate leaching, the nutrient status of trees and their crown condition at Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) sites?

Phosphorus supply and cycling at long-term forest monitoring sites in Germany

Ionic deposition and chemistry of soil solutions in a forested study area in the Chojnów Forest District in the years 2004-2007

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