“…8, 9, 10 Human cancers of the breast, colon, ovary, prostate, liver, lung, pituitary and brain frequently express elevated MIF levels. 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 Importantly, elevated MIF levels correlate with clinical aggressiveness of the breast, lung, liver, brain, ovary and prostate, implicating MIF in poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. 16, 18, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28 In clear genetic support of MIF as an important pathophysiologic tumor driver, MIF deletion delays tumor progression and lowers tumors stages, and decreases angiogenesis in several mouse cancer models, including Myc-induced lymphomagenesis, 29 UVB-exposed skin cancer progression, 30 adenomatous polyposis coli protein (Apc) MIN/+ -mediated intestinal adenomas 31 and nitrosamine-induced bladder tumorigenesis.…”