Elevated IL‐8, TNF‐α, and MCP‐1 in men with metastatic prostate cancer starting androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) are associated with shorter time to castration‐resistance and overall survival

Abstract

Higher levels of inflammation-associated cytokines correlate with poorer prostate cancer outcomes and may guide strategies to improve prostate cancer therapy.

Laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer is not associated with an increase in the circulating levels of several inflammation-related factors

“…It is produced by different tumor cells, including colon cancer cells and its increased levels have been associated with tumor size, depth of infiltration, or increasing stage of disease in different cancers, including colon cancer. 25 CRC patients also displayed higher levels of G-CSF which has been reported to stimulate angiogenesis and promotes tumor growth. 28 More surprising were the observed higher levels IFN-g which has been reported to exert tumor-suppressive functions protecting the host against tumor formation.…”

“…5,[9][10][11][21][22][23][24][25] To our knowledge, our study if the first using a xMAP system to simultaneously assess expression levels of several circulating factors in cancer patients at the baseline and in the post-operatory while carefully controlling for cigarette smoking and other potential confounders.…”

Inflammation and prostate cancer: friends or foe?

“…Since chemokines are associated with more aggressive disease and poor prognosis in diverse malignancies, and significant modifications of chemokines repertoire occurred during tumorigenesis of prostate cancer, chemokine system may represent a promising diagnostic biomarker that may guide strategies to improve prostate cancer therapy. Recently, pilot studies have been driven to investigate the diagnostic relevance of chemokines in prostate cancer and CCL2, CCL18, CCL11, and CXCL8 have been found to be new potential serum biomarkers [108][109][110][111][112]. For example, the elevated serum levels of both CCL11 and CCL18 in prostate cancer patients than those in benign hyperplasia patients may provide a useful diagnostic tool to help distinguish between the two pathological conditions among men demonstrating low, but detectable, serum PSA values [109,110].…”

“…Recently, pilot studies have been driven to investigate the diagnostic relevance of chemokines in prostate cancer and CCL2, CCL18, CCL11, and CXCL8 have been found to be new potential serum biomarkers [108][109][110][111][112]. For example, the elevated serum levels of both CCL11 and CCL18 in prostate cancer patients than those in benign hyperplasia patients may provide a useful diagnostic tool to help distinguish between the two pathological conditions among men demonstrating low, but detectable, serum PSA values [109,110]. Furthermore, increased serum levels of CXCL8 and CCL2 are associated with higher-grade tumors and correlate with poorer prostate cancer outcomes [108,111].…”

Opportunities and challenges in combination gene cancer therapy

“…For example, castration and enzalutamide increase metastasis in both mouse and cell culture models of human prostate cancer, via the induction of the chemoattractant protein CCL2, which promotes migration of tumor cells and infiltration tumor-associated macrophages [30–34]. The observation of TIM in model systems is supported by some initial patient studies [32,35,36], indicating that combination therapies that include either anti-CCL2 monoclonal antibodies [37–40] or anti-CCR2 inhibitor [41] represent an additional opportunity to increase the efficacy of leuprorelin or enzalutamide in CRPC. Radiation therapy of prostate cancers increases expression of the AR, and reduces patient survival, suggesting that another single agent treatment for prostate cancer produces TIM and might effect might be reversed by additional combination therapies, such as the use of enzalutamide immediately following radiotherapy [36], and might also account for improved survival for patients receiving extended ADT following radiotherapy.…”