Elevated Levels of Interferon Gamma, Tumor Necrosis Factor α, Interleukins 2, 4, and 5, but Not Interleukin 10, Are Present in Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Interleukin-2, Interferon-gamma Gene Polymorphisms in Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

“…Buno et al (1998) demonstrated elevated levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ mRNA in RAS lesions, consistent with a cell-mediated immune response, thereby formation of aphthous ulcers is mainly dependent on the activation of the Th1-type immune response, which leads to elevated levels of Th1 cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN-γ (Buno et al, 1998;Lewkowicz et al, 2011).…”

IL-1B and IL-6 gene polymorphisms encode significant risk for the development of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS)

“…6 These changes are consistent with release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF and interferon-␥. [6][7][8] Indeed, elevated levels of TNF␣, interferon-␥, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5 have been detected in ulcer tissue 7,8 and raised levels of IL-6 in the circulation. 9 It has been suggested that RAS is precipitated by local trauma in an individual genetically predisposed to an exaggerated or abnormal cytokine cascade.…”

“…In turn, this leads to cytokine or cell-mediated damage to focal areas of the oral mucosa. 7 Other extrinsic factors may also influence disease expression, eg, smoking inhibits ulcer formation in susceptible individuals. 1 Genetic factors also play an important role in the development of RAS.…”

Salivary Diagnostics, Current Reality and Future Prospects

“…It is known that for aphthous stomatitis there are 41 genes expressed differently and increased activity of lymphocytes T-helper 1 (Th1), responsible for the production of interferon-gamma, interleukin 2 (IL-2) and alpha tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). The levels of IL-2 are higher in patients with aphthous stomatitis compared with control subjects and may serve as markers in immunodiagnoses [43,44,45,46,47].…”