Elevated Salt and Nitrate Levels in Drinking Water Cause an Increase of Blood Pressure in Schoolchildren

Pomeranz, Avishalom; Korzets, Ze’ev; Vanunu, Daniel; Krystal, Haim; Wolach, Baruch

doi:10.1159/000025989

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Three epidemiologic studies (Kostraba et al 1992; Parslow et al 1997; van Maanen et al 2000) that were ecologic in design found a positive correlation between drinking-water nitrate levels below the MCL and the incidence of type I childhood diabetes, although the association observed by van Maanen was not statistically significant. Other studies have found associations between water nitrate exposure and increased blood pressure (Pomeranz et al 2000) and acute respiratory tract infections in children (Gupta et al 2000). …”

Section: Health Effects Associated With Drinking-water Nitratementioning

confidence: 99%

Workgroup Report: Drinking-Water Nitrate and Health—Recent Findings and Research Needs

Ward

deKok

Levallois

et al. 2005

Environ Health Perspect

694

422

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Human alteration of the nitrogen cycle has resulted in steadily accumulating nitrate in our water resources. The U.S. maximum contaminant level and World Health Organization guidelines for nitrate in drinking water were promulgated to protect infants from developing methemoglobinemia, an acute condition. Some scientists have recently suggested that the regulatory limit for nitrate is overly conservative; however, they have not thoroughly considered chronic health outcomes. In August 2004, a symposium on drinking-water nitrate and health was held at the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology meeting to evaluate nitrate exposures and associated health effects in relation to the current regulatory limit. The contribution of drinking-water nitrate toward endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds was evaluated with a focus toward identifying subpopulations with increased rates of nitrosation. Adverse health effects may be the result of a complex interaction of the amount of nitrate ingested, the concomitant ingestion of nitrosation cofactors and precursors, and specific medical conditions that increase nitrosation. Workshop participants concluded that more experimental studies are needed and that a particularly fruitful approach may be to conduct epidemiologic studies among susceptible subgroups with increased endogenous nitrosation. The few epidemiologic studies that have evaluated intake of nitrosation precursors and/or nitrosation inhibitors have observed elevated risks for colon cancer and neural tube defects associated with drinking-water nitrate concentrations below the regulatory limit. The role of drinking-water nitrate exposure as a risk factor for specific cancers, reproductive outcomes, and other chronic health effects must be studied more thoroughly before changes to the regulatory level for nitrate in drinking water can be considered.

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Section: Health Effects Associated With Drinking-water Nitratementioning

confidence: 99%

Workgroup Report: Drinking-Water Nitrate and Health—Recent Findings and Research Needs

Ward

deKok

Levallois

et al. 2005

Environ Health Perspect

694

422

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“…Studies have suggested that nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines have an etiologic role in adverse pregnancy outcomes and other health conditions [ 1 - 5 ]. Nitrates and nitrites are precursors in the formation of N -nitroso compounds, a class of genotoxic compounds consisting of nitrosamines and nitrosamides [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of estimates of dietary nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines for use with the short willet food frequency questionnaire

Griesenbeck¹,

Steck²,

Huber³

et al. 2009

Nutr J

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BackgroundStudies have suggested that nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines have an etiologic role in adverse pregnancy outcomes and chronic diseases such as cancer. Although an extensive body of literature exists on estimates of these compounds in foods, the extant data varies in quality, quantified estimates, and relevance.MethodsWe developed estimates of nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines for food items listed in the Short Willet Food Frequency Questionnaire (WFFQ) as adapted for use in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Multiple reference databases were searched for published literature reflecting nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamine values in foods. Relevant published literature was reviewed; only publications reporting results for items listed on the WFFQ were selected for inclusion. The references selected were prioritized according to relevance to the U.S. population.ResultsBased on our estimates, vegetable products contain the highest levels of nitrate, contributing as much as 189 mg/serving. Meat and bean products contain the highest levels of nitrites with values up to 1.84 mg/serving. Alcohol, meat and dairy products contain the highest values of nitrosamines with a maximum value of 0.531 μg/serving. The estimates of dietary nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines generated in this study are based on the published values currently available.ConclusionTo our knowledge, these are the only estimates specifically designed for use with the adapted WFFQ and generated to represent food items available to the U.S. population. The estimates provided may be useful in other research studies, specifically in those exploring the relation between exposure to these compounds in foods and adverse health outcomes.

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“…Our scoping review suggests that high sodium intake in infancy may have adverse outcomes on cardiovascular health in later life [25]. Infants seem to be less capable to excrete high levels of sodium and there appears to be a direct association between dietary sodium intake and hypertension later in life [37,38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dietary Intake of Sodium during Infancy and the Cardiovascular Consequences Later in Life: A Scoping Review

Emmerik¹,

Jong²,

Elburg³

2020

Ann Nutr Metab

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Background: High sodium intake is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases in adults. Further, there is evidence that events in early life are predictors for health outcomes in later life. However, little is known about the impact of early sodium intake on (cardiovascular) health outcomes in later life. Summary: We performed a scoping review of 25 articles, including 11 review studies, 8 randomized controlled trials, 5 prospective cohort studies, and 1 retrospective cohort study, all describing the relationship between the amount of sodium intake during the first 6 months after birth and the health effects and/or risk to cardiovascular disease later in life. We divided the results into 2 different groups: human and animal studies. Key Messages: The results show that high sodium intake in the first 6 months after birth may lead to negative health effects such as higher blood pressure, due to factors like salty taste preference and alterations of the renal system. The findings of this study suggest that the amount of sodium in the diet of an infant in the first 6 months after birth may have an impact on cardiovascular health outcomes in later life.

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Elevated Salt and Nitrate Levels in Drinking Water Cause an Increase of Blood Pressure in Schoolchildren

Cited by 22 publications

References 12 publications

Workgroup Report: Drinking-Water Nitrate and Health—Recent Findings and Research Needs

Workgroup Report: Drinking-Water Nitrate and Health—Recent Findings and Research Needs

Development of estimates of dietary nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines for use with the short willet food frequency questionnaire

Dietary Intake of Sodium during Infancy and the Cardiovascular Consequences Later in Life: A Scoping Review

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