Elevated Serum Concentrations of Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines in Patients with Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

Abstract

Serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines increased in line with disease severity in HFRS patients.

Inflammatory cytokines kinetics define the severity and phase of nephropathia epidemica

“…In further support of this hypothesis, it has been reported that serum sIL-2R and IL-6 inversely correlate with platelet count and arterial pressure [18]. Additionally, higher serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, CXCL8 (IL-8) and CCL5 (RANTES) have been observed in the most severe HFRS cases [15,19,20].…”

“…Nevertheless, increased levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines have been observed in HFRS cases at the onset and remain elevated throughout the duration of the disease [15]. Additionally, increased numbers of TNF-α-producing cells have been observed in kidney biopsies of HFRS cases [16].…”

Involvement of the Akt/NF-κB Pathways in the HTNV-Mediated Increase of IL-6, CCL5, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in HUVECs

“…Therefore, it is assumed that capillary leakage is more likely to be caused by redundant cytokines/chemokines and adhesion molecules. Significantly elevated plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, and CCL5 were detected at the onset of the acute phase of HFRS [12], [54], and higher concentrations were observed in more severe disease types [12]. Increased expression of IL-6 is associated with clinically severe Nephropathia epidemica (NE), and high IL-6 was found to be an independent risk factor for impaired renal function, thrombocytopenia, and longer hospitalization [55].…”

“…Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL-6 and IL-10), vascular endothelial growth factor, and cytotoxic T cell-mediated mechanisms are more likely responsible for the symptoms observed in HFRS [7], [8], [9], [10]. Increased levels of TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, IP-10, and CCL5 were observed in vivo and in vitro [11], [12], [13], and several cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-6, and TNF, were also detected in lung tissues of HPS cases [14]. Intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule type 1 (VCAM-1) provide costimulatory signals that activate T lymphocytes.…”

Hantavirus Infections in the European Region: A Mini-Review of the Literature

“…Furthermore, expression of viral antigens on the endothelial cell membrane, up regulates CD8+ Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, enhancing vascular permeability and contributing to Hantavirus syndromes manifestations. Moreover, immune-complex depositions and complement activation are implicated for kidney involvement [14,15].…”