Elevated Serum Total Bile Acid Level at Second Trimester Increases the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Chinese Pregnant Women

Abstract

BackgroudBile acid metabolism is reported to be closely involved in glycolipid metabolism. We investigated the association of the total bile acid (TBA) levels at the second trimester with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and adverse perinatal outcomes.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study in 2773 Chinese pregnant women. Serum TBA level was measured by a biochemistry automatic analyzer. Logistic regression models with or without restricted cubic splines were performed.Results652 of 2773 pregnant women developed GDM. Women with GDM had higher serum TBA levels at the second trimester than that of healthy women (P < 0.001). Elevated serum TBA levels at the second trimester were associated with an increased risk of GDM in a dose-response manner. After the adjustment of age, BMI, smoking and drinking status, education background, lipid profiles, blood pressure, liver function, uric acid, bilirubin, urea nitrogen and creatinine, the odds ratios (ORs) of GDM for the highest (vs. the lowest) quartile were 1.83 (95% CI 1.10–3.38) in women. The inclusion of TBA levels at the second trimester in the model increased the area under the curve from 0.68 to 0.72 (95% CI: 0.68–0.76) (P < 0.05). Additionally, a higher serum TBA level was associated with higher odds of preterm birth (the highest quartile vs. the lowest quartile, AOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.26–2.98, P-trend = 0.017) and preeclampsia (the highest quartile vs. the lowest quartile, AOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.19–3.63, P-trend = 0.002). Furthermore, the U-shaped relationship was observed between TBA levels and the risk of premature rupture of membranes, with the lowest risk in the TBA concentration of 3.14 µmol/L.ConclusionWomen with higher fasting serum TBA levels at the second trimester have higher risk for development of GDM, preterm birth and preeclampsia.

Establishment of a novel mouse model of adenomyosis suitable for longitudinal and quantitative analysis and perinatal outcome studies

“…We also found that the number of implantation sites was comparable between the adenomyosis horn and the control horn, suggesting that the presence of adenomyosis not only affects implantation but also affects intrauterine development. These outcomes seem to mimic the high incidence of preterm birth, fetal growth restriction (FGR) and intrauterine fetal death (IUFD).in pregnant women with adenomyosis [9][10][11][12], and this mouse model is expected to be a suitable model of pregnancy complicated by adenomyosis, although further validation is warranted.…”

“…The number and volume of lesions did not differ between the non-pregnant and postpartum groups.Conclusions: This model can be applied to evaluate the pathogenesis of adenomyosis, validate the e cacy of therapeutic agents, and evaluate the effect of adenomyosis on pregnancy and vice versa.Recently, with the development of noninvasive diagnostic methods such as MRI, adenomyosis can now be diagnosed without a hysterectomy, and it has been revealed that this disease can cause pain, HMB, and infertility [2] [6-8]. Patients with adenomyosis have also been found to have an increased risk of adverse perinatal events such as preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction, and preeclampsia [9][10][11][12]. The…”

“…Recently, with the development of noninvasive diagnostic methods such as MRI, adenomyosis can now be diagnosed without a hysterectomy, and it has been revealed that this disease can cause pain, HMB, and infertility [2] [6-8]. Patients with adenomyosis have also been found to have an increased risk of adverse perinatal events such as preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction, and preeclampsia [9][10][11][12]. The…”

Establishment of a Novel Mouse Model of Adenomyosis Suitable for Longitudinal and Quantitative Analysis and Perinatal Outcome Studies

“…The number and volume of lesions did not differ between the non-pregnant and postpartum groups.Conclusions: This model can be applied to evaluate the pathogenesis of adenomyosis, validate the e cacy of therapeutic agents, and evaluate the effect of adenomyosis on pregnancy and vice versa.Recently, with the development ofnoninvasive diagnostic methods such as MRI, adenomyosis can now be diagnosed without a hysterectomy, and it has been revealed that this disease can cause pain, HMB, and infertility [2][6-8]. Patients with adenomyosis have also been found to have an increased risk of adverse perinatal events such as preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction, and preeclampsia [9][10][11][12]. The…”

“…Recently, with the development ofnoninvasive diagnostic methods such as MRI, adenomyosis can now be diagnosed without a hysterectomy, and it has been revealed that this disease can cause pain, HMB, and infertility [2][6-8]. Patients with adenomyosis have also been found to have an increased risk of adverse perinatal events such as preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction, and preeclampsia [9][10][11][12]. The…”