Elimination of Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid by Low Temperature and Meristem Culture

Lizarraga, R.; Salazar, Luis; Roca, W.; Schilde-Rentschler, L.

doi:10.1094/phyto-70-754

Cited by 46 publications

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“…Use of viroid-free plants is pivotal for a sustainable production of these plants and the exchange of materials between countries. To date, various methods have been developed for production of viroid-free plants, including a combination of meristem culture with either high ( Hollings and Stone, 1970 ; Stace-Smith and Mellor, 1970 ; Jeon et al, 2012 ) or low temperature therapy ( Lizárraga et al, 1980 ; Paludan, 1985 ; Paduch-Cichal and Kryczyński, 1987 ; Savitri et al, 2013 ), chemotherapy ( Horst and Cohen, 1980 ; Savitri et al, 2013 ), and LP-free SAM culture ( Hosokawa et al, 2004b , c ). CSVd-free plants can be obtained by meristem-culture based methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasion of shoot apical meristems by Chrysanthemum stunt viroid differs among Argyranthemum cultivars

et al. 2014

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Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) is a damaging pathogen attacking Argyranthemum plants. Our study attempted to reveal distribution patterns of CSVd in shoot apical meristems (SAM) and to explore reasons for differential ability of CSVd to invade SAM of selected Argyranthemum cultivars. Symptom development was also observed on greenhouse-grown Argyranthemum plants. Viroid localization using in situ hybridization revealed that the ability of CSVd to invade SAM differed among cultivars. In diseased ‘Yellow Empire’ and ‘Butterfly’, CSVd was found in all tissues including the uppermost cell layers in the apical dome (AD) and the youngest leaf primordia 1 and 2. In diseased ‘Border Dark Red’ and ‘Border Pink’, CSVd was detected in the lower part of the AD and elder leaf primordia, leaving the upper part of the AD, and leaf primordia 1 and 2 free of viroid. Histological observations and transmission electron microscopy showed similar developmental patterns of vascular tissues and plasmodesmata (PD) in the SAM of ‘Yellow Empire’ and ‘Border Dark Red’, while immunolocalization studies revealed a major difference in the number of callose (β-1, 3-glucan) particles deposited at PD in SAM. A lower number of callose particles were found deposited at PD of SAM of ‘Yellow Empire’ than ‘Border Dark Red’. This difference is most likely responsible for the differences in ability of CSVd to invade SAM among Argyranthemum cultivars.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasion of shoot apical meristems by Chrysanthemum stunt viroid differs among Argyranthemum cultivars

et al. 2014

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“…Currently, there are >30 viroid species known and they are classified into two families, Pospiviroidae and Avsunviroidae (Flores et al 2005). Pospiviroids are considered to be hot-climate pathogens (Singh 1983) because they multiply at 25°C to 35°C (Sänger and Ramm 1975) and their generation is inhibited at lower temperatures (Lizàrraga et al 1980;Paduch-Cichal and Kryczynski 1987).…”

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confidence: 99%

Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in the ornamental plant Vinca minor and its transmission through tomato seed

Singh

Dilworth

2008

Eur J Plant Pathol

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Two novel aspects of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd) are reported, namely that TCDVd was detected in symptomless plants of Vinca minor, a trailing ground cover surviving at subzero temperatures (−12°C); and that TCDVd was seedborne in tomato and detected in high percentages in tomato seeds and seedlings. Soaking seeds in a low concentration of sodium hypochlorite did not eliminate the viroid. The sequence analysis showed that the TCDVd isolate consists of 360 nucleotides and has sequence identity between 96% to 99% with isolates of TCDVd from other hosts.

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“…Last, but not least, viroid accumulation and symptom expression is characteristically favored by high temperatures (Carbonell et al, 2008;Sänger and Ramm, 1975), a feature that explains why viroids mainly affect tropical, subtropical and greenhouse crops, and why thermotherapy is of limited value for producing viroid-free plants. On the other hand, viroids can be eliminated by low temperature treatment and meristem culture (Adams et al, 1996;Lizárraga et al, 1980). Vegetative propagation of infected material is the most efficient means of transmission for long-distance dispersion of viroids although some, like Coleus blumei viroid 1 (CbVd-1), are seed-transmitted (Singh et al, 1991) and most can be locally spread by pruning implements previously contaminated with infected material.…”

Section: While Others Exemplified Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Viroids in Ornamentals

Flores¹

2011

Acta Hortic.

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With a genome composed of a small (246-401 nt), single-stranded, circular RNA, viroids are a special class of replicons infecting plants, including some ornamentals, in which they may induce specific diseases. In striking contrast to plant viruses, which encode proteins mediating their own replication and movement, viroids depend on host factors for these purposes and can be regarded as parasites of their host transcription machinery. The about 30 known viroids are classified into the families Pospiviroidae, type species Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), and Avsunviroidae, type species Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd). PSTVd and ASBVd replicate (and accumulate) in the nucleus and the chloroplast, respectively, and the other members of both families most likely behave as their type species. Viroids replicate through an RNA-based rolling-circle mechanism that entails reiterative transcription of the incoming circular template to generate complementary longer-than-unit strands that, by themselves or after cleavage and ligation, prime the second half of the cycle finally leading to the mature circular forms. Remarkably, processing of the multimeric replicative intermediates is catalyzed by hammerhead ribozymes in the family Avsunviroidae. To complete their infectious cycle, viroids must recruit host factors for intracellular, cell-tocell and long-distance movement within the plant. Viroid-derived RNAs with the typical properties of the small interfering RNAs, the hallmarks of RNA silencing, have been detected in plants infected by members of both families. This finding indicates that viroids are inducers and targets (and perhaps even suppressors) of RNA silencing, a regulatory layer that may mediate many aspects of viroid biology including pathogenesis.Chrysanthemum stunt was one of the first diseases in which the inciting agent was identified as a viroid, Chrysanthemum stunt viroid, a member of the family Pospiviroidae that also infects other ornamentals. Chrysanthemum was additionally suspected to host a second viroid, although identification and characterization of the corresponding RNA, Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd), a member of the family Avsunviroidae, had to wait more than 20 years due to its low accumulation level. There are CChMVd non-symptomatic strains that cross-protect against challenge inoculation with severe strains, with the pathogenicity determinant mapping at a tetraloop of the blumei viroid 1, 2 and 3, all belonging to the family Pospiviroidae. Additionally, a retroviroid-like element has been found in carnation. Some ornamental viroids are seed-transmissible. Viroids are usually detected by nucleic acid-based techniques (PAGE, molecular hybridization and RT-PCR). Control measures include the use of viroid-free propagating material together with the regular decontamination of pruning tools. Some viroids can be removed from infected material by in vitro micrografting. CChMVd branched conformation. Other viroids infecting ornamentals include Columnea latent viroid, Iresine viroid ...

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Elimination of Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid by Low Temperature and Meristem Culture

Cited by 46 publications

References 0 publications

Invasion of shoot apical meristems by Chrysanthemum stunt viroid differs among Argyranthemum cultivars

Invasion of shoot apical meristems by Chrysanthemum stunt viroid differs among Argyranthemum cultivars

Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in the ornamental plant Vinca minor and its transmission through tomato seed

Viroids in Ornamentals

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