Elucidating Article 45.6 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: A dichotomous key for the determination of subspecific or infrasubspecific rank

Lingafelter, Steven W.; Nearns, Eugenio H.

doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3709.6.9

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Many of these names were treated as forms (forma; infrasubspecific entities) in catalogs ( Machatschke 1972 , 1974 ) as well as in works by Soula. According to ICZN Article 45.6.4: “A name is subspecific if first published before 1961 and its author expressly used one of the terms “variety” or “form” (including use of the terms “var.”, “forma”, “v.” and “f.”), unless its author also expressly gave it infrasubspecific rank, or the content of the work unambiguously reveals that the name was proposed for an infrasubspecific entity, in which case it is infrasubspecific” (see Lingafelter and Nearns 2013 ). Thus, named entities need to be interpreted within the context of the publication to discern if a name was unambiguously infrasubspecific.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synopsis of the pelidnotine scarabs (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae, Rutelini) and annotated catalog of the species and subspecies

Moore¹,

Jameson²,

Garner³

et al. 2017

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The pelidnotine scarabs (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini) are a speciose, paraphyletic assemblage of beetles that includes spectacular metallic species (“jewel scarabs”) as well as species that are ecologically important as herbivores, pollinators, and bioindicators. These beetles suffer from a complicated nomenclatural history, due primarily to 20th century taxonomic and nomenclatural errors. We review the taxonomic history of the pelidnotine scarabs, present a provisional key to genera with overviews of all genera, and synthesize a catalog of all taxa with synonyms, distributional data, type specimen information, and 107 images of exemplar species. As a result of our research, the pelidnotine leaf chafers (a paraphyletic group) include 27 (26 extant and 1 extinct) genera and 420 valid species and subspecies (419 extant and 1 extinct). Our research makes biodiversity research on this group tractable and accessible, thus setting the stage for future studies that address evolutionary and ecological trends. Based on our research, 1 new species is described, 1 new generic synonym and 12 new species synonyms are proposed, 11 new lectotypes and 1 new neotype are designated, many new or revised nomenclatural combinations, and many unavailable names are presented. The following taxonomic changes are made:New generic synonym: The genus Heteropelidnota Ohaus, 1912 is a new junior synonym of Pelidnota MacLeay, 1819.New species synonyms: Plusiotis adelaida pavonacea Casey, 1915 is a syn. n. of Chrysina adelaida (Hope, 1841); Odontognathus gounellei Ohaus, 1908 is a revised synonym of Pelidnota ebenina (Blanchard, 1842); Pelidnota francoisgenieri Moore & Jameson, 2013 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota punctata (Linnaeus, 1758); Pelidnota genieri Soula, 2009 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota punctata (Linnaeus, 1758); Pelidnota lutea (Olivier, 1758) is a revised synonym of Pelidnota punctata (Linnaeus, 1758); Pelidnota (Pelidnota) texensis Casey, 1915 is a revised synonym of Pelidnota punctata (Linnaeus, 1758); Pelidnota (Strigidia) zikani (Ohaus, 1922) is a revised synonym of Pelidnota tibialis tibialis Burmeister, 1844; Pelidnota ludovici Ohaus, 1905 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota burmeisteri tricolor Nonfried, 1894; Rutela fulvipennis Germar, 1824 is syn. n. of Pelidnota cuprea (Germar, 1824); Pelidnota pulchella blanda Burmeister, 1844 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota pulchella pulchella (Kirby, 1819); Pelidnota pulchella scapularis Burmeister, 1844 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota pulchella pulchella (Kirby, 1819); Pelidnota xanthogramma Perty, 1830 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota pulchella pulchella (Kirby, 1819).New or revised statuses: Pelidnota fabricelavalettei Soula, 2009, revised status, is considered a species; Pelidnota rioensis Soula, 2009, stat. n., is considered a species; Pelidnota semiaurata semiaurata Burmeister, 1844, stat. rev., is considered a subspecies.New or comb. rev. and revised status: Plusiotis guaymi Curoe, 2001 is formally transferred to the genus Chrysina (C. guaymi (Curoe, 2001), comb. n.); Plusiotis transvolcanica Morón & Nogueir...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synopsis of the pelidnotine scarabs (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae, Rutelini) and annotated catalog of the species and subspecies

Moore¹,

Jameson²,

Garner³

et al. 2017

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“…Schellenberg's (1935) identification key was used to identify the Austrian specimens. Finally, following the key provided by Lingafelter and Nearns (2013), the name availability of the described forms was established.…”

Section: Nomenclatorial Analyses and Morphological Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Forms are not recognised (being considered of infrasubspecific rank) by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). However, forms described before 1961 and meeting precise requirements (Lingafelter and Nearns 2013) can be considered subspecies, and their names become nomenclaturally available. Fišer et al (2010) stated that Schellenberg's forms were never cited as subspecies in any paper before 1985, and for this reason, their names were unavailable (under ICZN, 1999 edition, Article 45.6.4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We reconstructed the phylogeny and evolutionary history of this species complex and applied several molecular species delimitation methods to define the taxonomic diversity of the group in Austria, the focal area. Moreover, following the key provided by Lingafelter and Nearns (2013), we formally established the available names of the described forms, providing a solid basis for a stable nomenclature of the whole species complex. Finally, our combined morphological and molecular analyses led us to formally describe a new species from southern Styria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the Niphargus tatrensis species complex (Amphipoda, Niphargidae) in Austria

2020

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The Niphargus tatrensis species complex, entirely subterranean, has a wide distribution range extending from Southern Poland to Austria and Slovenia. Because of its large and confusing morphological variability, it was subdivided into several 'forms', four of which described from Austrian caves. To shed light on this chaotic situation, we sampled the type localities of all described species and forms in the complex, as well as additional sites in Austria, and used nuclear (28S, ITS) and mtDNA (COI) sequences to revise its taxonomy. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the Niphargus tatrensis species complex is monophyletic. Applying four species delimitation methods to the COI dataset converged on the presence of four species in Austria; by contrast, the same methods applied to ITS concurred with a haploweb analysis of this marker in distinguishing only three species in the country. Reconstruction of ancestral ranges suggested that the Austrian clade originated in Eastern Europe. Bayesian biogeographical analyses revealed a complex history of lineage divergence and secondary contact during the Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, possibly responsible for the higher variability of COI in comparison with ITS. Based on the above, we conclude that only three valid species are present in Austria: considering all described forms as subspecies, two of them are elevated to species rank whereas one new species is formally described and illustrated.

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“…We use the names exactly as in the quoted references to secure an unambiguous link with published morphology (Joosten and De Klerk 2002), implying that the meaning of 'form' (f) and 'variety' (v or var) may differ depending on the reference in which the rank indication is used. 'Taxonomic' names as well as the words 'taxon' or 'taxa' are in this paper used only in a morphological sense ('morphotaxa') without any phylogenetic intent (see Lingafelter and Nearns 2013;Kosakyan et al 2016). Values are expressed as percentages of all counted specimens in case of samples with more than 70 counted individuals, and as absolute numbers of specimens in case of lower counts (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-distance distribution patterns of testate amoebae in an Arctic ice-wedge polygon mire (Berelekh-Indigirka lowlands, NE Siberia)

et al. 2020

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The Arctic is experiencing substantial warming with possibly large consequences for global climate when its large soil carbon stocks are mobilized. Yet the functioning of permafrost peatlands, which contain considerable amounts of carbon, is still not fully understood. Palaeoecological studies may contribute to unravelling this functioning but require actuo-ecological calibration of the environmental proxies used. Testate amoebae may be valuable proxies for palaeoecological reconstruction, but indeed still large gaps exist regarding their present-day distribution in Arctic peatlands. This study presents the distribution of testate amoebae taxa with high (1 m) spatial resolution along a transect crossing an Arctic ice-wedge polygon mire. Whereas the polygon ridges are characterised by taxa that are known to be typical of dry environments or hydrologically indifferent, the low-lying wet settings show a mixture of wet- and dry-living taxa, indicating seasonally rapidly changing conditions. High testate amoebae concentrations were only found on the dry polygon ridges. Archerella flavum occurs in various moss species in drier polygon settings, in contrast to temperate regions where the species is exclusively known from wet sites with Sphagnum, which probably relates to the special moisture conditions associated with permafrost. To compare the results of full testate amoebae analysis with those of palynology, each surface sample was split into two parts and prepared and analysed following standard testate amoebae analysis and palynological methods, respectively. Clear differences in qualitative content were found and can be attributed to the different preparation methods and to possible small (a few cm) differences in sample location. Nevertheless, the indicative value of testate amoebae found in pollen samples adds importantly to the ecological inference of palynological studies. Overall testate amoebae research is very valuable for the recognition of past ecological settings and the accurate reconstruction of past hydrological regimes in Arctic mires. Considerably more research is, however, necessary to cover the total (ecological) diversity of testate amoebae populations in NE Siberia.

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Elucidating Article 45.6 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: A dichotomous key for the determination of subspecific or infrasubspecific rank

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Synopsis of the pelidnotine scarabs (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae, Rutelini) and annotated catalog of the species and subspecies

Synopsis of the pelidnotine scarabs (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae, Rutelini) and annotated catalog of the species and subspecies

Molecular taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the Niphargus tatrensis species complex (Amphipoda, Niphargidae) in Austria

Short-distance distribution patterns of testate amoebae in an Arctic ice-wedge polygon mire (Berelekh-Indigirka lowlands, NE Siberia)

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