Embedding thin-film lithium energy cells in structural composites

Pereira, Tony; Guo, Zhanhu; Nieh, S.; Arias, J.L.; Hahn, H. Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.02.019

Cited by 98 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 18.236.120. 13 Downloaded on 2018-05-12 to IP may have an advantage over the polyaniline electrode as its average specific capacitance values were 1.5 to 2 times higher than those of the polyaniline-only electrode. This trend makes sense as the high surface area of the MWCNT would be more crucial at higher chargedischarge rates (supercapacitor-like behavior), and the redox reaction of polyaniline would produce more charge-storage capacity at lower rates (pseudocapacitor-or battery-like behavior).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some common approaches are to incorporate commercial, prismatic, lithium-ion battery cells into structural components 7,10,11 or to reinforce solid-state lithium cells with high-strength backing (usually carbon fiber reinforced plastic, or CFRP). 4,12,13 A more integrated, multifunctional approach is to use the same material composite for both energy storage and structural support. This type of design was first described by Snyder et al, who proposed and fabricated a layered system consisting of a metal mesh coated with a lithium-based cathode material, a fiberglass separator, a carbon fiber anode, and a solid polymer electrolyte binding the components.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Structural Supercapacitors with Enhanced Performance Using Carbon Nanotubes and Polyaniline

Hudak¹,

Schlichting²,

Eisenbeiser³

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Carbon fiber electrodes for structural supercapacitors were modified to achieve increases in specific capacitance and energy density. In cyclic voltammetry tests with a liquid electrolyte, the specific capacitance of a commercial carbon fiber fabric weave was 0.84 F g −1 or lower, depending on the sweep rate. Impregnation of the carbon fiber with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) or electrochemical functionalization of the carbon fiber increased the capacitance to 3 F g −1 . Electrochemical functionalization of the MWCNT-impregnated carbon fiber further increased the capacitance to 7.2 F g −1 . Electrochemical synthesis and deposition of polyaniline on carbon fiber electrodes increased the electrode capacitance to 26 F g −1 . MWCNT and polyaniline were incorporated into structural supercapacitors made of carbon fiber electrodes, glass fiber separator, and poly(ethylene glycol)-based solid polymer electrolyte. Incorporation of MWCNT increased the specific capacitance and energy density 28-fold, to 125 mF g −1 and 17.4 mWh kg −1 , respectively. Mechanical properties were comparable to previously demonstrated structural energy storage devices. Although the specific capacitance of these solid-state supercapacitors was significantly higher than what was previously demonstrated, the energy density, rate capability, and mechanical performance still require significant improvements for multifunctional structural energy storage devices to be competitive with conventional supercapacitors and carbon fiber composites. In multifunctional material systems, two or more functions are performed by the same material, component, or structural unit.1 The goal in the design of such systems is a smaller volume or mass compared to a combination of corresponding monofunctional elements. One of the most common types of multifunctional material systems is structural energy storage, in which a battery, capacitor, or supercapacitor acts as a structural element for the overall system. Various forms of structural energy storage have been described, 2 and these systems have been proposed for application in communications satellites, 3 spacecraft, 4 ground vehicles, 5 and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). 6-9Small UAVs are typically powered by rechargeable batteries and are prime candidates for incorporation of a structural battery, for example as part of a wing or fuselage. Incorporation of structural energy storage can theoretically increase the flight endurance time in small UAVs because of the interdependence of the subsystem weights, amount of available energy, and flight endurance. 7,9 Theoretical analysis by our own group predicted as much as 200% increase in flight endurance when structural batteries are fully incorporated into a small UAV. 9Even modest increases in flight time, such as 10% or 20%, would provide significant benefit because missions are often limited to less than an hour endurance.Much of the previous work on structural energy storage has focused on lithium-ion batteries. Some common approaches are to incorporate commerc...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Supercapacitors with Enhanced Performance Using Carbon Nanotubes and Polyaniline

Hudak¹,

Schlichting²,

Eisenbeiser³

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…3 To date, two main strategies have been applied to the fabrication of multifunctional structural energy storage devices. One straight-forward approach is a multifunctional structure, physically embedding energy storage devices into conventional fibre-reinforced composites 4 or using structural composite laminates as packaging to protect the devices. 5 Such devices have been reported to operate normally under low mechanical loads.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Structural Supercapacitor Composites Based on Carbon Aerogel Modified High Performance Carbon Fiber Fabric

Qian

Kucernak

Greenhalgh

et al. 2013

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

229

202

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Abstract:A novel multifunctional material has been designed to provide excellent mechanical properties whilst possessing a high electrochemical surface area suitable for electrochemical energy storage: structural carbon fibre fabrics are embedded in a continuous network of carbon aerogel (CAG) to form a coherent but porous monolith. The CAG-modification process was found to be scalable and to be compatible with a range of carbon fibre fabrics with different surface properties. The incorporation of CAG significantly increased the surface area of carbon fibre fabrics, and hence the electrochemical performance, by around 100-fold, resulting in a CAG-normalised specific electrode capacitance of around 62 Fg -1 , determined by cyclic voltammetry in an aqueous electrolyte. Using an ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte, the estimated energy density increased from 0.003 to 1 Whkg -1 , after introducing the CAG into the carbon fibre fabric. 'Proof-of-concept' multifunctional structural supercapacitor devices were fabricated using an IL-modified solid-state polymer electrolyte as a multifunctional matrix to provide both ionic transport and physical support for the primary fibres. Two CAG-impregnated carbon fabrics were sandwiched around an insulating separator to form a functioning structural electrochemical double layer capacitor composite.The CAG-modification not only improved the electrochemical surface area, but also reinforced the polymer matrix surrounding the primary fibres, leading to dramatic improvements in the matrix-dominated composite properties. Increases in in-plane shear strength and modulus, of up to 4.5-fold, were observed, demonstrating that CAG-modified structural carbon fibre fabrics have promise in both pure structural and multifunctional energy storage applications.3

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“…They optimized the electrode by creating holes to get better bonding between the composite layers and therefore reached a significant increase in strength. Pereira et al [35,36] conducted research on embedding thin-film lithium energy cells (3.6 V, 200 Wh/kg, thickness: 0.15 mm) into carbon fiber-reinforced unidirectional and cross-ply laminates. The flexural capability of the bare cell, its pressure resistance (important for autoclave curing), and the impact of cell integration on the mechanical properties were investigated.…”

Section: Thin-film-based Approaches (Ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Composites for Future Energy Storage in Aerospace Structures

et al. 2018

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Multifunctionalization of fiber-reinforced composites, especially by adding energy storage capabilities, is a promising approach to realize lightweight structural energy storages for future transport vehicles. Compared to conventional energy storage systems, energy density can be increased by reducing parasitic masses of non-energy-storing components and by benefitting from the composite meso-and microarchitectures. In this paper, the most relevant existing approaches towards multifunctional energy storages are reviewed and subdivided into five groups by distinguishing their degree of integration and their scale of multifunctionalization. By introducing a modified range equation for battery-powered electric aircrafts, possible range extensions enabled by multifunctionalization are estimated. Furthermore, general and aerospace specific potentials of multifunctional energy storages are discussed. Representing an intermediate degree of structural integration, experimental results for a multifunctional energy-storing glass fiber-reinforced composite based on the ceramic electrolyte Li 1.4 Al 0.4 Ti 1.6 (PO 4 ) 3 are presented. Cyclic voltammetry tests are used to characterize the double-layer behavior combined with galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements for capacitance calculation. The capacitance is observed to be unchanged after 1500 charge-discharge cycles revealing a promising potential for future applications. Furthermore, the mechanical properties are assessed by means of four-point bending and tensile tests. Additionally, the influence of mechanical loads on the electrical properties is also investigated, demonstrating the storage stability of the composites.

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Embedding thin-film lithium energy cells in structural composites

Cited by 98 publications

References 11 publications

Structural Supercapacitors with Enhanced Performance Using Carbon Nanotubes and Polyaniline

Structural Supercapacitors with Enhanced Performance Using Carbon Nanotubes and Polyaniline

Multifunctional Structural Supercapacitor Composites Based on Carbon Aerogel Modified High Performance Carbon Fiber Fabric

Multifunctional Composites for Future Energy Storage in Aerospace Structures

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