2020
DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2020.75
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Embryology of Spinal Dysraphism and its Relationship to Surgical Treatment

Abstract: Spinal dysraphism is an umbrella term that encompasses a number of congenital malformations that affect the central nervous system. The etiology of these conditions can be traced back to a specific defect in embryological development, with the more disabling malformations occurring at an earlier gestational age. A thorough understanding of the relevant neuroembryology is imperative for clinicians to select the correct treatment and prevent complications associated with spinal dysraphism. This paper will review… Show more

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Cited by 9 publications
(6 citation statements)
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“…It has many causes, leading to tension in the spinal cord, resulting in neurologic and orthopaedic symptoms. Typical radiographic findings may include a deep location of the conus medullaris with fatty infiltration of the filum terminale [ 14 , 15 ]. Other types of spinal dysgraphia may also be present, such as meningocele, myelomeningocele, lipomyelomeningocele, cleft spinal cord malformations, dermal sinus tracts, anorectal malformations and various intraspinal tumours.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…It has many causes, leading to tension in the spinal cord, resulting in neurologic and orthopaedic symptoms. Typical radiographic findings may include a deep location of the conus medullaris with fatty infiltration of the filum terminale [ 14 , 15 ]. Other types of spinal dysgraphia may also be present, such as meningocele, myelomeningocele, lipomyelomeningocele, cleft spinal cord malformations, dermal sinus tracts, anorectal malformations and various intraspinal tumours.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Its accumulation can also be observed in some pathological conditions with paravertebral muscle atrophy and degeneration [ 12 , 13 ]. In paediatric neurosurgery, treatment of tethered cord syndrome requires exposure of the spinal laminae before entering the spinal canal, opening the dura, and transecting the filum terminale that connects the spinal cord to the sacral bone [ 14 , 15 ]. During this elective spinal surgery, samples of paravertebral adipose tissue can be collected and used for cell isolation without additional risk to the patient.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…O uso de ácido fólico é recomendado durante todo o pré natal e tem ação protetora na formação do sistema nervoso central, agindo de forma a reduzir os casos de defeitos do tubo neural. (Minns, 1996;Henderson et al, 2020;De la Fournière et al, 2020;Eagles & Gupta, 2020;Wilson et al, 2015;Idowu et al, 2008;Wilson et al, 2007). Apesar de esse uso ser consenso em todo o mundo, o estudo de S. Sachdeva, et al (2014) realizado na Índia, evidenciou que essa ação protetora do ácido fólico é extremamente útil nas primeiras 3 semanas de gestação, de forma que tomá-lo após esse período não gera tanto impacto para o sistema nervoso fetal, visto que o fechamento do tubo neural ocorre por volta do 27º dia de gestação.…”
Section: Discussionunclassified
“…Alguns outros fatores também são significativos, gerando uma interferência no aumento nos riscos de meningomielocele, como obesidade materna, uso de antiepilépticos durante a gestação, alcoolismo, tabagismo, consanguinidade, fatores genéticos, diabetes mellitus, país de origem, além de baixo grau de escolaridade e renda. (Henderson et al, 2020;Eagles & Gupta, 2020;Esmaeili et al, 2013;Deb et al, 2011;Al-Ani et al, 2010;Morrow et al, 2009;Sebold et al, 2005). Alguns desses fatores não são modificáveis e vão acompanhar a mãe durante a gestação de forma intrínseca (fatores genéticos, país de origem e diabetes mellitus).…”
Section: Discussionunclassified
“…Previously formed caudal cells undergo directed necrosis and only the terminal niche, cuneiform ligament, and terminal conchae remain until 11 weeks of foetal life. Inappropriate cell necrosis gives rise to a thickened terminal nematode and/or terminal thread lipoma [3][4][5][6]. Symptoms and neurological deficits in TCS are caused by hypoxia in the distended medulla due to vascular insufficiency.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%