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Craniosynostosis is a developmental craniofacial anomaly, resulting in impairment of brain development and abnormally shaped skull. The main cause of craniosynostosis is premature closure of one or more cranial sutures. It usually occurs as an isolated condition, but may also be associated with other malformations as part of complex syndromes. When left untreated, craniosynostosis can cause serious complications, such as developmental delay, facial abnormality, sensory, respiratory and neurological dysfunction, anomalies affecting the eye, and psychological disturbances. Thus, early diagnosis, expert surgical techniques, postoperative care, and adequate follow-up are of vital importance in treating craniosynostosis.

Introduction: The degenerative processes of the intervertebral disc represent an important cause of morbidity in everyday clinical practice, exerting burden on patients and clinicians treating them. Numerous factors may initiate degenerative processes, which most commonly affect the nucleus pulposus and ultimately influence the biomechanics of the whole spine.Aim: This paper provides an overview from the literature about the process, causes and mechanisms of disc degeneration and the associated factors. Methods: The scientific literature was reviewed through PubMed, Medline and Science Direct. The articles were chosen in correlation with the study objective and their scientific relevance. Results: Many mechanical factors, such as mechanical, traumatic, genetic and nutritional, may affect the integrity of the intervertebral disc. The degenerative processes involve the structural damage of the intervertebral disc and the changes in number and composition of cells. The main factor in the degeneration of the intervertebral disc is the loss of proteoglycans. Degenerative changes of the disc are connected to damage of adjacent structures, leading to functional changes, higher susceptibility to injuries and clinical signs and symptoms. Conclusions: Degenerative disease of the intervertebral disc remains a significant health problem. Besides standard conservative and surgical treatment, techniques of regenerative therapy are becoming very promising, although still in the experimental phase.

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Introduction:Aging causes alterations in various body functions, such as motor, sensory, cognitive and psychosocial. One of the factors associated with aging is also the decline in proprioceptive function.Aim:This paper provides an overview from the literature about the definition and importance of proprioception and the correlation with the elderly population.Material and Methods:The scientific literature was reviewed through PubMed, Medline and Science Direct. The articles were chosen in correlation with the study objective and their scientific relevance.Results:Proprioceptive training is fundamental in the rehabilitation and prevention of sports injuries. With the loss of proprioception during aging, the biomechanics of joints and the neuromuscular control of the limbs may change, resulting in impaired balance and a higher possibility of falls. Appropriate and proper physical activity can slow the age-related decline in proprioception.Conclusion:An appropriate proprioceptive training is important for maintaining the best possible physical fitness. It encompasses exercises for stability and coordination, stimulates motor learning, helps in maintaining proper body posture and balance, and improves body control.