Emergence in Cyber-Physical Systems-of-Systems (CPSoSs)

Kopetz, Hermann; Bondavalli, Andrea; Brancati, Francesco; Frömel, Bernhard; Höftberger, Oliver; Iacob, Sorin M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47590-5_3

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Kopetz et al 40 bring another view to predicting emergence: "We typically exploit expected beneficial emergence for intended product performance, while unexpected beneficial emergence can result in the product performing better than that for which it was designed. Expected detrimental emergence typically is allowed weaknesses of a product, while unexpected detrimental emergence could lead to unpredictable system failure".…”

Section: Reference Descriptions Of the Emergence Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mittal et al 16 include the observer in the definition of emergence by looking at how the phenomenon is experienced by the observer. Kopetz et al 40 on the other hand excludes the observer from the definition of emergence, saying the phenomenon is what it is independent of the observer. We have not found any clear and common direction in the literature when it comes to the observer's impact on emergence, whether to look at the phenomenon subjectively through the eyes of the observer or purely objectively from a definition of a viewpoint.…”

Section: Observer Influencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Detecting emergence in engineered systems: A literature review and synthesis approach

Haugen

Skeie

Müller

et al. 2023

Systems Engineering

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Modern product development often generates systems of high complexity that are prone to emergent behavior. The industry has a need to establish better practices to detect inherent emergent behavior when engineering such systems. Philosophers and researchers have debated emergence throughout history, tracing to the time of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) and current literature has both philosophical and practical examples of emergence in modern systems. In this review paper, we investigate the phenomenon of emergent behavior in engineered systems. Our aim is to describe emergence in engineered systems and propose methods to detect it, based on literature. Emergence is in general explained as dynamic behavior seen at macro level that cannot be traced back to the micro level. Emergence can be known or unknown in combination with positive or negative. We find that best practices to engineer complicated systems should contain a sensible suite of traditional approaches and methods, while best practices to engineer complex systems need extensions to this considering a new paradigm using incentives to guide system behavior rather than testing it up‐front.

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Section: Reference Descriptions Of the Emergence Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Observer Influencementioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting emergence in engineered systems: A literature review and synthesis approach

Haugen

Skeie

Müller

et al. 2023

Systems Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…While general safety requirements and distribution of functions for automated valet parking have been analyzed [22], we focus on the presence of an unreliable connection between cloud and vehicle. As already discussed by other authors [12], we pursue a state-based monitoring approach for this challenge in safety-critical CPSoS.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependable and Efficient Cloud-Based Safety-Critical Applications by Example of Automated Valet Parking

Drabek

Shekhada

Weiss

et al. 2021

Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering

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Future embedded systems and services will be seamlessly connected and will interact on all levels with the infrastructure and cloud. For safety-critical applications this means that it is not sufficient to ensure dependability in a single embedded system, but it is necessary to cover the complete service chain including all involved embedded systems as well as involved services running in the edge or the cloud. However, for the development of such Cyber-Physical Systems-of-Systems (CP-SoS) engineers must consider all kinds of dependability requirements. For example, it is not an option to ensure safety by impeding reliability or availability requirements. In fact, it is the engineers' task to optimize the CPSoS' performance without violating any safety goals. In this paper, we identify the main challenges of developing CPSoS based on several industrial use cases and present our novel approach for designing cloud-based safety-critical applications with optimized performance by the example of an automated valet parking system. The evaluation shows that our monitoring and recovery solution ensures a superior performance in comparison to current methods, while meeting the system's safety demands in case of connectivity-related faults.

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“…Consider for example, the coordination of cars on a busy highway to realize a smooth flow of traffic and their exchange of information to achieve such a common goal. In addition to the direct communication by explicit signals among the drivers of the cars (e.g., the blinker or horn), information flow between cars is based on the observation of the movement of the vehicles on the road (caused by the actions of other drivers) 47 .…”

Section: Guiding Example: Cooperative Driving Assistance Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

A model to discipline autonomy in cyber‐physical systems‐of‐systems and its application

Gharib

Silva

Ceccarelli

2020

J Software Evolu Process

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A Cyber-Physical System-of-Systems (CPSoS) can be defined as a System-of-Systems (SoS), composed of a number of operable and autonomous Constituent Systems (CSs) that are themselves Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs). A main challenge in integrating CPSoS to function as a single integrated system is the autonomy of its components, which may result in conflicts due to the lack of coordination among its CPSs. In this paper, we advocate that in order to facilitate the integration of CPSs within the overall context of their CPSoS, we may need to adjust their level of autonomy in a way that enables them to coordinate their activities to avoid any conflict among one another. Reducing such conflicts surely contributes to the dependability of the CPSoS. In particular, we propose a novel modelbased approach for modeling and analyzing the autonomy levels of CPSs based on their awareness concerning their operational environment as well as their capability to react in a timely and safe manner while performing their activity. The model is further described in a UML profile and applied to represent activities for autonomous driving scenarios. Using a driving simulator, we implement such models on a target vehicle and we show the resulting safety improvement, especially in terms of reduced collisions.

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Emergence in Cyber-Physical Systems-of-Systems (CPSoSs)

Cited by 24 publications

References 21 publications

Detecting emergence in engineered systems: A literature review and synthesis approach

Detecting emergence in engineered systems: A literature review and synthesis approach

Dependable and Efficient Cloud-Based Safety-Critical Applications by Example of Automated Valet Parking

A model to discipline autonomy in cyber‐physical systems‐of‐systems and its application

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