Emergence of GII.Pg norovirus in gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia

Bruggink, Leesa D.; Dunbar, Natalie L.; Marshall, John A.

doi:10.1002/jmv.24511

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In addition, the evolution of NoV during the past 25 years may have improved the environmental persistence of virus, especially considering the large epidemics occurred during 2000. The recombinant GII.Pg/GII.1 NoV, used in this study, have been recently described in multiple outbreaks [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of Norovirus GII Genome in Drinking Water and Wastewater at Different Temperatures

Kauppinen

Miettinen

2017

Pathogens

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Human norovirus (NoV) causes waterborne outbreaks worldwide suggesting their ability to persist and survive for extended periods in the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the persistence of the NoV GII genome in drinking water and wastewater at three different temperatures (3 °C, 21 °C, and 36 °C). The persistence of two NoV GII inoculums (extracted from stool) and an indigenous NoV GII were studied. The samples were collected for up to one year from drinking water and for up to 140 days from wastewater. Molecular methods (RT-qPCR) were used to assess the decay of the NoV genome. Decay rate coefficients were determined from the fitted decay curves using log-linear and/or non-linear model equations. Results showed significant differences in the decay kinetics of NoV genome between the temperatures, matrices, and virus strains. The persistence of NoV was higher in drinking water compared to wastewater, and the cold temperature assisted persistence at both matrices. Differences between the persistence of NoV strains were also evident and, particularly, indigenous NoVs persisted better than spiked NoVs in wastewater. The decay constants obtained in this study can be utilized to assess the fate of the NoV genome in different water environments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of Norovirus GII Genome in Drinking Water and Wastewater at Different Temperatures

Kauppinen

Miettinen

2017

Pathogens

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“…Application of the ORF 1–ORF 2 RT–PCRs confirmed the identity of six recombinant forms. These recombinants and their associated GenBank numbers were as follows: GII.P4_NewOrleans_2009/GII.4_Sydney_2012 (KX789172), GII.P12/GII.3 (KX064757), GII.Pb(GII.21)/GII.3 (KX064758), GII.Pe/GII.2 (KX064759), GII.Pe/GII.4_Sydney_2012 (KX789173) and GII.Pg/GII.1 (KR338971) [21].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype analysis of noroviruses associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in childcare centres, Victoria, Australia, 2012–2015

2017

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The characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in children (0-5 years) in childcare centres in Victoria, Australia (2012-2015) were examined. The three most common open reading frame (ORF) 2 genotypes in childcare centre outbreaks were GII.4 (42%), GII.6 (21%) and GII.3 (14%); the remaining genotypes (GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.8, GI.13, GII.1, GII.2, GII.7 and GII.13) each made up <10%. The GII.4 genotype was the only norovirus genotype seen in all 4 years of the study and was the most common genotype in 2012-2014 but in 2015 the most common genotype was GII.2. The GII.4 genotype was more common in children 0-2 years, whereas GII.2 and GII.7 were more common in children 4-5 years. ORF 1/ORF 2 recombinant forms identified were GII.P4_NewOrleans_2009/GII.4_Sydney_2012, GII.P12/GII.3, GII.Pb (GII.21)/GII.3, GII.Pe/GII.2, GII.Pe/GII.4_Sydney_2012 and GII.Pg/GII.1. The findings indicate that norovirus genotype prevalence patterns in children were influenced by the age of the children and the year in which the analysis was carried out. The majority of norovirus infections (84%) occurred after the first year of life so that vaccination before the age of one would appear to be the most efficacious.

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“…This study is based on the outbreaks which occurred in 2013 for which faecal specimens were sent to the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) for norovirus testing. A calendar year was chosen as a suitable time period for a meaningful analysis of norovirus incidence, as this time period normally corresponds to a baseline period as well as an epidemic peak in Victoria, Australia [8,9]. The VIDRL is the main public health laboratory for viral identification in the state of Victoria, Australia.…”

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confidence: 99%

Norovirus genotype diversity associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in aged-care facilities

2015

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Noroviruses are a major cause of gastroenteritis. Vaccine strategies against norovirus are currently under consideration but depend on a detailed knowledge of the capsid genotypes. This study examined the incidence of norovirus outbreaks in residential aged-care facilities in Victoria, Australia over one year (2013) and documented the (capsid) norovirus genotypes associated with these outbreaks. It was found that 65·0% of 206 outbreaks tested were associated with norovirus infection, thereby showing norovirus to be the major cause of viral gastroenteritis in residential aged-care facilities. Fifteen capsid (open reading frame 2) genotypes were identified as follows: GI.2 (0·9%), GI.3 (1·8%), GI.4 (3·7%), GI.6 (0·9%), GI.7 (0·9%), GI.8 (0·9%), GII.1 (0·9%), GII.2 (0·9%), GII.3 (1·8%), GII.4 (2009-like) (0·9%), GII.4 (2012) (48·6%), GII.4 (2012-like) (16·5%), GII.4 (unknown) (9·2%), GII.5 (2·8%), GII.6 (0·9%), GII.7 (0·9%), GII.13 (6·4%) and an as yet unclassified GII genotype (0·9%). Although GII.4 was the most common norovirus capsid genotype detected, the great diversity of norovirus genotypes in the elderly indicates vaccination strategies for this demographic are not straightforward.

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Emergence of GII.Pg norovirus in gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Persistence of Norovirus GII Genome in Drinking Water and Wastewater at Different Temperatures

Persistence of Norovirus GII Genome in Drinking Water and Wastewater at Different Temperatures

Genotype analysis of noroviruses associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in childcare centres, Victoria, Australia, 2012–2015

Norovirus genotype diversity associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in aged-care facilities

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