Emergence of Novel 2D Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrode Applications: A Brief Review

Abstract

Energy storage and production is one of the significant issues of the 21st century, motivating the search for new materials for energy storage devices. Supercapacitors (SCs) play a prominent role among the class of energy storage devices and conversion systems since they provide greater specific capacitance, high power density, longer life span, fast charge–discharge rate, excellent circulation feature, low cost, and are safe to use. The selection of electrode material has great importance in the performance of the supercapacitor. Two-dimensional (2D) layered nanomaterials gained much interest in the fabrication of electrode materials due to their unique physicochemical properties. The current review explores the synthesis and application of novel 2D materials, such as graphene, MXene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), carbon nitrides, metal oxides/hydroxides, and black phosphorus (BP), as supercapacitor electrodes in detail.

2D materials: increscent quantum flatland with immense potential for applications

“…The performance of 2D materials is hindered by atmospheric factors like humidity, electrolyte evaporation due to high temperature, and undesirable chemical reactions. The nanocomposites of 2D layered materials with other conducting materials may solve many of these issues with the cost of some drop in performance but are applicable for practical applications in electrocatalysis [ 255 ]. In nanofluidics, 2D materials often undergo reduction or cross-linkage instead of forming a desirable laminar structure.…”

Boosting the Supercapacitive Performance via Incorporation of Vanadium in Nickel Phosphide Nanoflakes: A High-Performance Flexible Renewable Energy Storage Device

“…As supercapacitors offer a specific power density, rapid charge and discharge process, and long-term durability, thus they have emerged as a popular system for certain applications in vehicles, cranes, emerging hybrid automobiles, G-series high-speed trains, and so on. , Nevertheless, supercapacitors are mostly made of a carbonaceous matrix and have some fatal drawbacks of delivering low energy density (∼10 Wh kg –1 ) in modern commercial applications due to a low potential window and limited electrochemically active surface functionality. ,, To overcome this issue, since last decade, asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) are assembled by different positive and negative electrode materials to successfully modulate the energy density without disturbing their power density. Currently, researchers have focused on transition metal-based compounds as a positive electrode and carbon-based materials as a negative electrode to enhance the voltage window and overall capacitance of supercapacitors. − Out of which, transition metal phosphides (TMPs) can be investigated as one of the best valuable electrode materials in the fields of electrocatalysis, − batteries, − supercapacitors, − and other energy device applications. , It is due to rich valences, weak ionic bond due to a lower electronegativity, and superior electronic conductivity of TMPs that make them environmentally stable, kinetically favorable for faster charge transport, and sustainable under high applied potentials. , Thus, TMPs have emerged as new battery-type electrode materials and gained more attention because they can improve the specific capacity along with the better rate capability of devices as compared to other electroactive materials. − …”

Tetra germanium nonaselenide enwrapped with reduced graphene oxide and functionalized carbon nanotubes (Ge4Se9/RGO/FCNTs) hybrids for improved energy storage performances

“…However, the poor specific energy (carbonaceous material) and insufficient cyclic performance ( pseudocapacitor) of the materials have been resolved through a combined effect in their hybrid form. [14][15][16] Therefore, research on the synthesis of hybrid electrode materials and their improved supercapacitor performances has become of key interest. In particular, different metal sulfides, selenides, and carbonaceous hybrids are famous for the various synthetic routes through which they can be synthesized and their good electrical conductivity, variable oxidation state, narrow bandgap, and high capacitance value.…”

“…In particular, different metal sulfides, selenides, and carbonaceous hybrids are famous for the various synthetic routes through which they can be synthesized and their good electrical conductivity, variable oxidation state, narrow bandgap, and high capacitance value. 10,15,17,18 The presence of additional carbonaceous support (such as graphene and carbon nanotubes) acts as a templating agent to avoid particle aggregation and generate a conducting network to further improve conductivity. 12,14,19 Likewise, in the two-dimensional (2D) structures of graphene and other carbonaceous materials, a new kind of 2D material known as transition metal carbidebased MXenes (Ti 3 C 2 ) can be produced by following a selective etching process from the ternary MAX phase (Ti 3 AlC 2 ) with a common formula of M n+1 AX n (where M represents transition metals, A is for metals like Al and X n is for the number of carbon or nitrogen elements).…”