2012
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.01.011
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Emergence of resistance to antibacterial agents: the role of quaternary ammonium compounds—a critical review

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Cited by 502 publications
(352 citation statements)
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References 139 publications
(157 reference statements)
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“…MDR1, FLU1, BENr; molecular alterations of the lanosterol 14-α demethylase, the target enzyme of the azoles being the basic two mechanisms. A wide range of antifungal agents as antibiotics, drugs, quaternary ammonium compounds have been used to treat such infections, however these are associated with major disadvantages of antibiotic resistance, limited activity, environmental toxicity and complex synthesis procedure [7].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…MDR1, FLU1, BENr; molecular alterations of the lanosterol 14-α demethylase, the target enzyme of the azoles being the basic two mechanisms. A wide range of antifungal agents as antibiotics, drugs, quaternary ammonium compounds have been used to treat such infections, however these are associated with major disadvantages of antibiotic resistance, limited activity, environmental toxicity and complex synthesis procedure [7].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, they are also commonly used against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of these substances depends mainly on the length of the N-alkyl chain [28]. Disinfectants based on QAC are used widely in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries [29].…”
Section: Minimal Inhibitory Concentrationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The hydrophobic tail of the quaternary ammonium compound integrates into the microbial hydrophobic membrane core. The activity of QAC may also involve the disruption and denaturation of proteins and enzymes, as well as induction of dose-and time-dependent ultrastructural changes [28].…”
Section: Minimal Inhibitory Concentrationmentioning
confidence: 99%
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