Emergence of VIM-1-carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter cloacae in Tyrol, Austria

Abstract

bla VIM-1 , bla NDM-1 , bla IMP , bla KPC and bla OXA-48 using a multiplex PCR with published primers. PFGE was performed to determine the genetic relatedness. In total, 33 isolates (28 Enterobacter cloacae and 5 Enterobacter aerogenes) were collected during the study period. From 2006 to 2009, between two and seven isolates were found per year. In 2010, a significant increase of carbapenem-resistant strains was observed (n512). The bla VIM-1 gene was detected in all 28 isolates of E. cloacae. Typing of E. cloacae by PFGE revealed three distinct clusters, the biggest of which contained 18 isolates. These findings demonstrate the emergence of VIM-1-producing Enterobacter in Tyrol, western Austria. The clonal relationship confirms the risk of spread of these organisms and their possible persistence over time.

KPC-2 and OXA-48 carbapenemase-harbouring Enterobacteriaceae detected in an Austrian wastewater treatment plant

“…This is reflected by Austrian studies that show NDM‐1, KPC, VIM, IMP and OXA‐48 in human isolates. Since 2010 a rapid increase of KPC‐producing Enterobacteriaceae has been observed .…”

Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) for Characterization of Enterobacter cloacae

“…Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases have been reported to be widespread in E. cloacae [5]. The factors dominantly contributing to drug resistance of E. cloacae are the plasmid-encoded CTX-M family of ESBLs, the KPC family of serine carbapenemases, and the VIM, IMP, and NDM-1 metallo-b-lactamases [5], [6]. Several molecular epidemiological methods, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and ribotyping, are routinely applied for typing of bacteria.…”

Emerging Carbapenem-Resistant <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> Producing OXA-48-, VIM- and IMP-Type-<i>β</i>-Lactamases in Eastern Cape Hospitals in South Africa

“…Amongst the enterobacteriaceae family, Enterobacter species cause a number of hospital acquired infections [2] and Enterobacter cloacae is the most resistant pathogen [3]. The dominant genes contributing to drug resistance in E. cloacae are the plasmid-mediated serine extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) bla CTX-M ; the serine carbapenemase bla KPC and the metallo-β-lacatamases (MBLs) bla NDM , bla IMP and bla VIM [4] [5]. The acquired MBL, bla IMP-1 emerged and spread in Gram-negative bacilli in Japan in the early 1990s [6] and together with its variants have since been detected in other countries worldwide [7]- [12].…”