Emerging ethical threats to client privacy in cloud communication and data storage.

Abstract

In June 2013, Edward Snowden released top-secret intelligence documents that detailed a domestic U.S. spying apparatus. This article reviews and contends that current APA ethics and record-keeping guidelines, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act do not adequately account for this new information and other emerging threats to client confidentiality. As psychologists bear the responsibility for being informed, protecting and maintaining client records, and preventing breaches, it is vital that the field establish specific best practices and present regular security updates to colleagues.

Linking emotions to behaviors through deep transfer learning

“…Due to the end-to-end nature of recent efforts, low-resource data becomes a dominant limitation (Li et al, 2016;Collobert et al, 2011;Soltau et al, 2017;Heyman et al, 2001). This is exacerbated in BSP scenario by the difficulty of obtaining data due to privacy constraints (Lustgarten, 2015;Narayanan and Georgiou, 2013). Challenges with subjectivity and low interannotator agreement (Busso and Narayanan, 2008;Tseng et al, 2016), especially in micro and macro annotation complicate the learning task.…”

Ethical considerations for the information age

“…To illustrate the point, Fisher (2008) noted 37 standards where confidentiality was mentioned or implied within the Ethics Code (APA, 2010). For example, issues of privacy and confidentiality are mentioned in Principle E (Respect for People's Rights and Dignity) and Sections 2 (Competence), 4 (Privacy and Confidentiality), 6 (Record Keeping and Fees), and 10 (Therapy) (Lustgarten, 2015). Principle E stresses that psychologists protect clients from harm, while respecting diversity and multiculturalism.…”

“…While confidentiality seems to be on the forefront for practitioners, many of the studies were conducted prior to the latest technological advances. Recent advances in hardware and software might enhance or hamper confidentiality, and require evaluation (Benefield et al, 2006;Elhai & Hall, 2016b;Lustgarten, 2015).…”

“…Similarly, the "Guidelines for the Practice of Telepsychology" stress the importance of "Confidentiality of Data and Information" (Joint Task Force, 2013, p. 796). Additionally, researchers have tried to call attention to ethical concerns, establish best practices, and make recommendations for continued ethical practice with smartphones (Drogin, Connell, Foote, & Sturm, 2010), email (Drude & Lichstein, 2005;Shapiro & Schulman, 1996), EMRs (Hodge, 1999), record keeping (Devereaux & Gottlieb, 2012;Elhai & Frueh, 2016;Lustgarten, 2015), and TMHT (Lustgarten & Colbow, 2017). Most ethical analyses stress psychologists' primary obligations around privacy and confidentiality (Drummond, Cromarty, & Battersby, 2015;Elhai & Hall, 2016b).…”

“…"From now, know that every border you cross, every purchase you make, every call you dial, every cell phone tower you pass, friend you keep, article you write, site you visit, subject line you type, and packet you route is in the hand of a system whose reach is unlimited but whose safeguards are not" -Edward Snowden (Poitras, 2014) Leaked documents from the whistleblower, Edward Snowden, suggested that various government agencies engaged in global surveillance (Greenwald, 2014). Information contained in these disclosures might inform and affect psychologists' abilities to maintain and protect client privacy (e.g., Lustgarten, 2015). This study introduces privacy as a social justice concern for psychologists and offers a rationale for conducting a qualitative research study.…”