Emerging Issues in Emergency Medical Rescue

Judge, Thomas

doi:10.1057/9780333977583_7

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 7 publications

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“…Confl icting goals in policy design make it diffi cult to create transparency, and as a result the degree of transparency differs from one policy to another and from one country to another. For example, many policies are established to promote competition (school choice, utility competition) or to regulate (occupational safety, environmental protection), and some are a confl icting jumble of regulation, competition, and professional discretion (Judge 2000;Prottas 2000;Shekelle and Roland 2000;Woolf 2000). At an administrative or programmatic level, the degree of transparency has transactional and informational costs.…”

Section: Fall 2009mentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is Transparency?

2009

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This article examines the evolving defi nition of transparency from a postmodernist approach. It traces the meaning of transparency from its use by nongovernmental and supranational organizations to its use in the international relations, nonprofi t, public policy, and administration literature. It fi nds that the defi nition of transparency reveals three metaphors: transparency as a public value embraced by society to counter corruption, transparency synonymous with open decision-making by governments and nonprofi ts, and transparency as a complex tool of good governance in programs, policies, organizations, and nations. In the fi rst metaphor, transparency is subtly intertwined with accountability. In the second, as transparency encourages openness, it increases concerns for secrecy and privacy. In the third, policymakers create transparency alongside accountability, effi ciency, and effectiveness. The analysis concludes that these meanings affect the way organization members conduct and will conduct their day-to-day activities and how policies are and will be created. Transparency is becoming an unoffi cial mandate by the public and is often a legal mandate.

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Section: Fall 2009mentioning

confidence: 99%