Emerging Novel Metal Electrodes for Photovoltaic Applications

Lu, Haifei; Ren, Xiangling; Ouyang, Dan; Choy, Wallace C. H.

doi:10.1002/smll.201703140

Cited by 81 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 512 publications

(715 reference statements)

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“…The smooth and cross‐connecting surface morphology of ultrathin silver film is necessary to realize high performance semitransparent PSCs. Second, the band level offset at the silver electrode interface always affects the carrier transport and collection, especially for ultrathin silver electrodes . The chemical interaction at the interface also determines the adhesive strength between silver film and the underlayer, as well as electrode degradation by halide anions and ambient atmosphere .…”

Section: Summary Of the Photovoltaic Performances Of The Inverted Plamentioning

confidence: 99%

Supersmooth Ta₂O₅/Ag/Polyetherimide Film as the Rear Transparent Electrode for High Performance Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells

Ying

Chen

Lin

et al. 2018

Advanced Optical Materials

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Semitransparent solar cells have attractedincreasing attention because of their gen eral applications in smart windows for automobiles and buildings, tandem solar cells, electronic chargers, and so on. [1][2][3] Due to facile solution processing and high record efficiency of 23.3% in nontrans parent devices, [4][5][6][7][8] organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are excellent candidates for semitransparent devices, since the efficiency of semi transparent devices is inevitably lower compared to devices with fully reflective electrodes. In a typical semitransparent PSC structure, the rear transparent elec trode (RTE) is one of the key components because it is deposited on the underlying soft active layer. So far, various trans parent conductive electrodes have been investigated as RTEs for semitransparent PSCs, such as transparent conductive oxides, [9] conductive polymers, [10] carbon nanotubes, [11] graphene, [12] metal nano wires, [13,14] metal mesh, [15] ultrathin metal films, [16] and so on. Among them, the ultrathin metal films with the thickness below 10 nm have the advantage in the facile deposition pro cess, as well as low sheet resistance, high optical transmittance, and good adhesive strength comparable to other alternatives.The ultrathin silver film exhibits great potential as a low cost, effective RTE material in semitransparent devices. [17][18][19][20] However, there are still some challenges for the application of ultrathin silver films in high performance semitransparent PSCs. First, the 3D growth mode of silver results in separate islands for film thickness below 10 nm, [21] which leads not only low conductivity due to disconnect between parts of the electrode, [22] but also optical loss due to surface plasmonic effect. [23] The smooth and crossconnecting surface morphology of ultrathin silver film is necessary to realize high performance semitransparent PSCs. Second, the band level offset at the silver electrode interface always affects the carrier transport and collection, [24] especially for ultrathin silver electrodes. [25] The chemical interaction at the interface also determines the adhesive strength between silver film and the underlayer, as well as electrode degradation by halide anions and ambientAlthough it exhibits great potential as the rear transparent electrode (RTE) material in semitransparent devices, the ultrathin silver film still faces some significant challenges, such as surface plasmonic effect induced optical loss, the conflict between conductivity and transmittance, and the band level mismatch at device interfaces. In this work, a novel combination of ZrAcac/PEI/Ag/Ta 2 O 5 is employed as the RTE of the semitransparent perovskite solar cells in the planar inverted device structure of "indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/NiO x /MAPbI 3 /PC 61 BM/ZrAcac/PEI/Ag/Ta 2 O 5 ." Interface engineering with ZrAcac/PEI enables a significant increase in the device efficiency for 100 nm thick Ag electrode, from 17.48% to 18.84%. Ultrathin 9 nm Ag film coated on polyetherimide (PE...

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Section: Summary Of the Photovoltaic Performances Of The Inverted Plamentioning

confidence: 99%

Supersmooth Ta₂O₅/Ag/Polyetherimide Film as the Rear Transparent Electrode for High Performance Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells

Ying

Chen

Lin

et al. 2018

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…Recent reports highlight new functional oxides with nanostructures, including CoO x /graphene, V 2 O 5 , Zn x Co 1−x O and Cu-Fe 3 O 4 , by means of combined preparation methodologies of chemical vapor deposition (CVD), electrochemical deposition and sol-gel [2][3][4][5]. However, metallic electrodes possessing three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures have rarely been investigated except for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by CVD [6][7][8]. Metallic nanoelectrodes could serve as an ideal current collector in flexible integrated energy systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible 3D Electrodes of Free-Standing TiN Nanotube Arrays Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition with a Ti Interlayer as an Adhesion Promoter

et al. 2020

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Nanostructured electrodes and their flexible integrated systems have great potential for many applications, including electrochemical energy storage, electrocatalysis and solid-state memory devices, given their ability to improve faradaic reaction sites by large surface area. Although many processing techniques have been employed to fabricate nanostructured electrodes onto flexible substrates, these present limitations in terms of achieving flexible electrodes with high mechanical stability. In this study, the adhesion, mechanical properties and flexibility of TiN nanotube arrays on a Pt substrate were improved using a Ti interlayer. Highly ordered and well-aligned TiN nanotube arrays were fabricated on a Pt substrate using a template-assisted method with an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template and atomic layer deposition (ALD) system. We show that with the use of a Ti interlayer between the TiN nanotube arrays and Pt substrate, the TiN nanotube arrays could perfectly attach to the Pt substrate without delamination and faceted phenomena. Furthermore, the I-V curve measurements confirmed that the electric contact between the TiN nanotube arrays and substrate for use as an electrode was excellent, and its flexibility was also good for use in flexible electronic devices. Future efforts will be directed toward the fabrication of embedded electrodes in flexible plastic substrates by employing the concepts demonstrated in this study.

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“…[1,2] Metal films with a thickness of 6-10 nm deposited by vacuum evaporation are a promising contender because they are chemically well-defined and compatible with flexible substrates, whilst also offering high electrical conductivity and very low surface roughness. [1] Additionally, vacuum evaporation is established as a low-cost large-scale production method for the deposition of thin metal films that is compatible with rollto-roll processing. [3] Lithographic patterning of thin metal films and/or using wide band gap anti-reflecting interlayers enables sufficient far-field transparency for metal film electrodes to be competitive with ITO glass for the same sheet resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Oxidation Stability of Transparent Copper Films Using a Hybrid Organic‐Inorganic Nucleation Layer

et al. 2019

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A novel seed layer for the formation of slab‐like transparent copper films on glass and plastic substrates is reported, based on a mixed molecular monolayer and an ultra‐thin (0.8 nm) aluminium layer both deposited from the vapour phase, which substantially outperforms the best nucleation layer for optically thin copper films reported to date. Using this hybrid layer, the metal percolation threshold is reduced to <4 nm nominal thickness and the long‐term stability of sub‐10 nm films towards oxidation in air is comparable to that of silver films of the same thickness fabricated using the best reported seed layer for optically thin silver films to date. The underlying reason for the remarkable effectiveness of this hybrid nucleation is elucidated using a combination of photoelectron spectroscopy, small angle X‐ray studies, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.

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Emerging Novel Metal Electrodes for Photovoltaic Applications

Cited by 81 publications

References 512 publications

Supersmooth Ta₂O₅/Ag/Polyetherimide Film as the Rear Transparent Electrode for High Performance Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells

Supersmooth Ta₂O₅/Ag/Polyetherimide Film as the Rear Transparent Electrode for High Performance Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells

Flexible 3D Electrodes of Free-Standing TiN Nanotube Arrays Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition with a Ti Interlayer as an Adhesion Promoter

Enhanced Oxidation Stability of Transparent Copper Films Using a Hybrid Organic‐Inorganic Nucleation Layer

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Emerging Novel Metal Electrodes for Photovoltaic Applications

Cited by 81 publications

References 512 publications

Supersmooth Ta2O5/Ag/Polyetherimide Film as the Rear Transparent Electrode for High Performance Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells

Supersmooth Ta2O5/Ag/Polyetherimide Film as the Rear Transparent Electrode for High Performance Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells

Flexible 3D Electrodes of Free-Standing TiN Nanotube Arrays Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition with a Ti Interlayer as an Adhesion Promoter

Enhanced Oxidation Stability of Transparent Copper Films Using a Hybrid Organic‐Inorganic Nucleation Layer

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Supersmooth Ta₂O₅/Ag/Polyetherimide Film as the Rear Transparent Electrode for High Performance Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells

Supersmooth Ta₂O₅/Ag/Polyetherimide Film as the Rear Transparent Electrode for High Performance Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells