Emerging porous organic polymers for biomedical applications

Abstract

This review summarizes and discusses the recent progress in porous organic polymers for diverse biomedical applications such as drug delivery, biomacromolecule immobilization, phototherapy, biosensing, bioimaging, and antibacterial applications.

In Situ Synthesis of Gold Nanoclusters in Covalent Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Photodynamic Properties and Antibacterial Performance

“…To design novel photosensitizers that generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered by light is an essential task for the development of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and antibacterial photodynamic therapy. − To date, a series of materials including organic molecules, conjugated oligomer/polymer, carbon-based material, and Au/Ag-based nanoclusters have been developed as photosensitizers. − Recently, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a kind of organic crystalline polymer linked by dynamic covalent bonds in two or three dimensions, showed great potential in ROS-related biomedical applications. − Their unique framework and rich porosity are reported to be able to promote the diffusion of oxygen and ROS, which is especially important for ROS efficiency because of their extremely short lifetime (<3.5 μs) . To endow COFs with satisfactory photodynamic behaviors, two strategies are usually adopted, including incorporating photosensitive units as building blocks to construct the π-conjugated skeleton and grafting phototherapeutic agents by postmodification via covalent bonds. , However, the involved tedious synthetic processes with a high cost limit the further applications.…”

Layered double hydroxide-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications

“…343,344 With the rapid development of bioimaging technology and cancer therapy in recent years, researchers have developed a series of nanomedicines that can realize theranostics. [345][346][347][348][349][350] Among them, LDHs have great potential in this field due to their controllable metal composition, large specific surface area, and exchangeable interlayer anions. So far, many LDH-based multifunctional theranostic nanoplatforms have been developed, including single-imaging mode theranostics and more recently multiimaging mode theranostics.…”

Metalated covalent organic frameworks: from synthetic strategies to diverse applications

“…Metalated COFs are being increasingly recognized as a new class of organic–inorganic hybrid materials. 152,153 However, surveys of achievements related to metalated COFs are scattered in various review articles, 67,77,154–176 and no comprehensive and complete review articles dedicated only to metalated COFs are currently available in the literature, 128,177 hampering the further development of this promising and rapidly evolving field.…”