Emerging Respiratory Viruses in Children

Abstract

Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of pediatric disease. Emerging respiratory viruses can cause outbreaks with significant morbidity and mortality or circulate routinely. The rapid identification of pathogens, epidemiologic tracing, description of symptoms, and development of preventative and therapeutic measures are crucial to limiting the spread of these viruses. Some emerging viruses, such as rhinovirus C and influenza C, circulate yearly but were previously undetected due to limited diagnostic methods. Although some pathogens have a geographic focus, globalization dictates that providers be aware of all emerging diseases in order to recognize outbreaks and diagnose and treat patients.

Immunoglobulin M profile of viral and atypical pathogens among children with community acquired lower respiratory tract infections in Luzhou, China

“…Rather than RSV, we found that IgM of INFB ranked 2nd at 27.77% of the pathogens examined, while RSV was only 1.6%. The specific distribution is possibly due to the varied region or enthics [25] since data from other studies showed that 18.7% tested positive for influenza virus out of 666,493 specimen in the USA [26]. while H3N2 viruses predominated in the southeastern United States, only small numbers of < 3% INFB were reported [6].…”

Human Coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 in Children

“…In another study by Schuster et al, pediatric cases could be infected with MERS-CoV secondarily as they were contacts of adults with MERS. Adults become infected with MERS-CoV at the workplace or due to contact with intermediate host animals ( Schuster and Williams, 2018 ).…”

“…A very advantageous instrument for distinguishing SARS infected children from the others is real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RT-PCR is also used for MERS-CoV nucleic acid detection, too ( Schuster and Williams, 2018 ). It takes a few hours for the test to count the RNA viruses in the serum ( Li and Ng, 2005b ).…”

Current and Future Point-of-Care Tests for Emerging and New Respiratory Viruses and Future Perspectives

“…Diagnosis of emerging and novel viruses, including HBoV, RV-C, coronaviruses (e.g., HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV-2) as well as specific subtypes of AIV (H5N1, H7N9, H10N8) and reassortant IAV strains remains challenging (Schuster and Williams, 2018;WHO, 2020a). The diagnosis of most of these viruses is based on molecular techniques that can only be performed at specialized referral centers.…”

“…NAATs have higher sensitivity than immunochromatographic assays, but generally, they require a higher degree of technical skills and training (Drancourt et al, 2016). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) remains the gold standard technique for the diagnosis of AIV subtypes while WHO recommends against the utilization of rapid tests in avian flu diagnosis (WHO, 2005;Monne et al, 2008;Schuster and Williams, 2018). RV-C, is typically detected from nasopharyngeal specimens using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and specific species and serotypes can be further identified by semi-nested PCRs or sequencing (Bochkov et al, 2011;Jartti et al, 2012;Schuster and Williams, 2018).…”