Human Coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 in Children

Aleebrahim-Dehkordi, Elahe; Soveyzi, Faezeh; Deravi, Niloofar; Rabbani, Zahra; Saghazadeh, Amene; Rezaei, Nima

doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2020.10.020

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 146 publications

(190 reference statements)

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“…COVID-19 can affect multiple organs and systems [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], although it mainly involves the respiratory system, where its involvement can cause a wide range of symptoms from a common cold to severe respiratory distress [12][13][14][15]. In particular, the disease is more severe and deadly in older age groups and people who have pre-existing comorbidity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas its transmission mainly occurs through humanto-human contact, the novel coronavirus has shown its potential to transmit via multiple transmission routes [28] and affect both children and adults [13,29]. It, however, remained unclear whether or not this potentially fatal virus can vertically be transmitted and what are the possible effects of the disease on the pregnancy outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review of pregnant women with COVID-19 and their neonates

Mirbeyk

Saghazadeh

Rezaei

2021

Arch Gynecol Obstet

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113

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Background In December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China, with an incredible contagion rate. However, the vertical transmission of COVID-19 is uncertain. Objectives This is a systematic review of published studies concerning pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 and their neonates. Search strategy We carried out a systematic search in multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and WHO COVID-19 database using the following keywords: (Coronavirus) OR (novel coronavirus) OR (COVID-19) OR (COVID19) OR (COVID 19) OR (SARS-CoV2) OR (2019-nCoV)) and ((pregnancy) OR (pregnant) OR (vertical transmission) OR (neonate) OR (newborn) OR (placenta) OR (fetus) OR (Fetal)). The search took place in April 2020. Selection criteria Original articles published in English were eligible if they included pregnant patients infected with COVID-19 and their newborns. Data collection and analyses The outcomes of interest consisted of clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in pregnant patients with COVID-19 and also the effect of COVID-19 on neonatal and pregnancy outcomes. Main results 37 articles involving 364 pregnant women with COVID-19 and 302 neonates were included. The vast majority of pregnant patients were in their third trimester of pregnancy, and only 45 cases were in the first or second trimester (12.4%). Most mothers described mild to moderate manifestations of COVID-19. Of 364 pregnant women, 25 were asymptomatic at the time of admission. The most common symptoms were fever (62.4%) and cough (45.3%). Two maternal deaths occurred. Some pregnant patients (12.1%) had a negative SARS-CoV-2 test but displayed clinical manifestations and abnormalities in computed tomography (CT) scan related to COVID-19. Twenty-two (6.0%) pregnant patients developed severe pneumonia. Two maternal deaths occurred from severe pneumonia and multiple organ dysfunction. Studies included a total of 302 neonates from mothers with COVID-19. Of the studies that provided data on the timing of birth, there were 65 (23.6%) preterm neonates. One baby was born dead from a mother who also died from COVID-19. Of the babies born alive from mothers with COVID-19, five newborns faced critical conditions, and two later died. A total of 219 neonates underwent nasopharyngeal specimen collection for SARS-CoV-2, of which 11 tested positive (5%). Seventeen studies examined samples of the placenta, breast milk, umbilical cord, and amniotic fluid, and all tested negative except one amniotic fluid sample. Conclusions A systematic review of published studies confirm that the course of COVID-19 in pregnant women resembles that of other populations. However, there is not sufficient evidence to establish an idea that COVID-19 would not complicate pregnancy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of pregnant women with COVID-19 and their neonates

Mirbeyk

Saghazadeh

Rezaei

2021

Arch Gynecol Obstet

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113

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“…The disease, which first manifested itself as a respiratory viral infection of adults, is now known for its potential to affect both adults and children and involve multiple vital systems at the same time. [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83] It may trigger hyperinflammation, causing immune responses to dysregulation. 54,74,76,77,79,81,[84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101] Antibody response occurs in response to COVID-19 and can help with the diagnosis of infection and reinfection.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Care Policies and COVID-19 Prevalence: Is There Any Association?

2021

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected almost all countries and territories. As of December 6, 2020, the United States of America and India have the highest prevalence. Each country has implemented different strategies to control and reduce the spread of disease. Here, the association between prevalence number and health policies is evaluated by comparing 2 groups of countries: (1) Italy, the United States of America, Germany, Spain, and India with a higher prevalence than a linear trend line; and (2) Singapore and China with a lower or equal prevalence than linear forecasts. A rapid overview revealed that many countries have similar strategies for controlling COVID-19, including the suspension of air travel, the lockdown on the cities with the most cases detected, active case findings, monitoring of close contacts, and raising public awareness. Also, they used a gradual and phased plan to reopen activities. So, the difference between countries in the burden of COVID-19 can be attributable to the strict mode and nonstrict mode of implementation of strategies. Limitations at the national levels call for systemic rather than regional strategies.

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“…COVID-19 can severely affect immune regulation ( Mohamed et al, 2020a ; Torabi-Rahvar and Rezaei, 2020 ; Lundstrom et al, 2020 ; Nejadghaderi et al, 2020 ; Shojaeefar et al, 2020 ; Delavari et al, 2020 ; Nasab et al, 2020 ; Sahu et al, 2020 ; Bahrami et al, 2020 ; Fathi and Rezaei, 2020 ; Jenab et al, 2020 ; Saghazadeh and Rezaei, 2020b ; Sarzaeim and Rezaei, 2020 ; Yazdanpanah et al, 2020a ; Yazdanpanah et al, 2020b ; Darbeheshti and Rezaei, 2020 ; Ahanchian et al, 2020 ; Goudarzi et al, 2020 ; Heidarpour et al, 2020 ; Khosroshahi and Rezaei, 2020 ; Yousefzadegan and Rezaei, 2020 ; Aleebrahim-Dehkordi et al, 2020 ; Babaha and Rezaei, 2020 ; Rezaei, 2020b ; Darbeheshti et al, 2021 ; Khanmohammadi and Rezaei, 2021 ; Moradian et al, 2020b ), as it involves multiple organs ( Nejadghaderi et al, 2020 ; Goudarzi et al, 2020 ; Heidarpour et al, 2020 ; Hessami et al, 2020 ; Vakhshoori et al, 2020 ; Jahanshahlu and Rezaei, 2020b ; Lotfi and Rezaei, 2020b ; Jabalameli et al, 2021 ; Safdarian et al, 2020 ; Torabi et al, 2020 ), namely the central nervous system ( Amanat et al, 2021 ; Sadeghmousavi and Rezaei, 2020b ; Saghazadeh and Rezaei, 2021 ). During the pandemic, health polices at both national and international levels ( Nejadghaderi et al, 2021 ; Kafieh et al, 2021 ) and related social consequences have changed almost every aspect of our lives, leading to feelings of anxiety, loneliness, isolation ( van Tilburg et al, 2020 ), and stress ( Salehi et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered immunoemotional regulatory system in COVID-19: From the origins to opportunities

Pourriyahi

Saghazadeh

Rezaei

2021

Journal of Neuroimmunology

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The emergence of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and the worldwide spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have led to social regulations that caused substantial changes in daily life. The subsequent loneliness and concerns of the pandemic during social distancing, quarantine, and lockdown are psychosocial stressors that negatively affect the immune system. These effects occur through mechanisms controlled by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis that alter immune regulation, namely the conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA), which promotes inflammation and diminishes antiviral responses, leading to inadequate protection against viral disease. Unhealthy eating habits, physical inactivity, sleep disturbances, and mental health consequences of COVID-19 add to the pathological effects of loneliness, making immunity against this lethal virus an even tougher fight. Therefore, social isolation, with its unintended consequences, has inherently paradoxical effects on immunity in relation to viral disease. Though this paradox can present a challenge, its acknowledgment can serve as an opportunity to address the associated issues and find ways to mitigate the adverse effects. In this review, we aim to explore, in detail, the pathological effects of the new social norms on immunity and present suggested methods to improve our physical, psychological, and healthcare abilities to fight a viral infection in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Human Coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 in Children

Cited by 21 publications

References 146 publications

A systematic review of pregnant women with COVID-19 and their neonates

A systematic review of pregnant women with COVID-19 and their neonates

Health Care Policies and COVID-19 Prevalence: Is There Any Association?

Altered immunoemotional regulatory system in COVID-19: From the origins to opportunities

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