Emerging Status of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Fungi in the Arabian Peninsula

Borgio, J. Francis; Rasdan, Alia Saeed; Sonbol, Bayan; Alhamid, Galyah; Almandil, Noor B.; AbdulAzeez, Sayed

doi:10.3390/biology10111144

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 329 publications

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“…The worldwide spread of pathogenic bacteria and micromycetes resistant or tolerant to conventional antimicrobials drastically decreases the number of available options for the treatment of infectious diseases and thus becomes a global challenge for healthcare [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. Furthermore, the coexistence of different microorganisms in mixed communities leads to additional difficulties in treatment compared to monospecific infections [ 8 , 11 , 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing the Efficacy of Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus–Candida albicans Mixed Infections with Myrtenol

et al. 2022

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Infectious diseases caused by various nosocomial microorganisms affect worldwide both immunocompromised and relatively healthy persons. Bacteria and fungi have different tools to evade antimicrobials, such as hydrolysis damaging the drug, efflux systems, and the formation of biofilm that significantly complicates the treatment of the infection. Here, we show that myrtenol potentiates the antimicrobial and biofilm-preventing activity of conventional drugs against S. aureus and C. albicans mono- and dual-species cultures. In our study, the two optical isomers, (-)-myrtenol and (+)-myrtenol, have been tested as either antibacterials, antifungals, or enhancers of conventional drugs. (+)-Myrtenol demonstrated a synergistic effect with amikacin, fluconazole, and benzalkonium chloride on 64–81% of the clinical isolates of S. aureus and C. albicans, including MRSA and fluconazole-resistant fungi, while (-)-myrtenol increased the properties of amikacin and fluconazole to repress biofilm formation in half of the S. aureus and C. albicans isolates. Furthermore, myrtenol was able to potentiate benzalkonium chloride up to sixteen-fold against planktonic cells in an S. aureus–C. albicans mixed culture and repressed the adhesion of S. aureus. The mechanism of both (-)-myrtenol and (+)-myrtenol synergy with conventional drugs was apparently driven by membrane damage since the treatment with both terpenes led to a significant drop in membrane potential similar to the action of benzalkonium chloride. Thus, due to the low toxicity of myrtenol, it seems to be a promising agent to increase the efficiency of the treatment of infections caused by bacteria and be fungi of the genus Candida as well as mixed fungal–bacterial infections, including resistant strains.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing the Efficacy of Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus–Candida albicans Mixed Infections with Myrtenol

et al. 2022

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“…35 This is maybe due to variations in type of isolated pathogens, characteristics of the study population as well as irrational and inappropriate use of antimicrobial medications in these countries of multiple sectors at Saudi Arabia to limit the growth, spread, and emergence of MDR pathogens. 36 Regarding species specific MDR pattern, 70% of A. baumanii and 53.9% of Klebsiella pneumoniae showed MDR followed by Escherichia coli (25%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.2%) and Staphylococcus aureus (12.2%). This trend of species specific MDR profile was lower when compared to those reported from other developing countries where the close monitoring and tracking of antimicrobial resistance is questionable.…”

Section: Providencia Sp N=(1)mentioning

confidence: 94%

Bacteriological profile of wound swab and their antibiogram pattern in a tertiary care hospital, Saudi Arabia

Alharbi

2022

SMJ

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comprising data related to demographic, microbial profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of wound infection-suspected cases.Results: A total of 305 wound swabs were collected; of which 56.1% showed microbial growth. Among 187 microbial isolates, 62% were gram-negative bacteria, 30.5% were gram-positive bacteria and 7.5% were fungi. Staphylococcus aureus was the prevailing isolates 17.1%, Original Articlefollowed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, each with 13.9% and Escherichia coli with 12.8 %. Providencia sp with 0.1% was the least isolated bacteria. Out of 173 bacterial isolates, 46.8% were sensitive to antimicrobial agents tested, while 53.2% were resistant to one and more drug tested. Of these isolates, 22% were found to be the MDR bacteria. The highest MDR percentages was noted among Acinetobacter baumannii (70%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (53.9%), Escherichia coli (25%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.2%) and the least by (12.5%) by Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion:The microbial isolation rates from wound infection was high, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most prevalent. Considerable antimicrobial resistance rate to the commonly used antibiotics was discovered. Thus, regular monitoring of microbial profile and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in the study region in attempt to contain antimicrobial resistance is highly recommended.

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“…As a result, stricter guidelines and effective control measures are in place [ 16 ]. A recent 10-year surveillance in the Arabian Peninsula [ 19 ] indicated the emergence of unique infections associated with mortality. Another 5 years of monitoring resulted in increased susceptibility at a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Rapidly Changing Patterns in Bacterial Co-Infections Reveal Peaks in Limited Gram Negatives during COVID-19 and Their Sharp Drop Post-Vaccination, Implying Potential Evolution of Co-Protection during Vaccine–Virus–Bacterial Interplay

Said,

Alsolami,

Alshammari

et al. 2024

Viruses

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SARS-CoV-2 has caused the most devastating pandemic of all time in recent human history. However, there is a serious paucity of high-quality data on aggravating factors and mechanisms of co-infection. This study aimed to identify the trending patterns of bacterial co-infections and types and associated outcomes in three phases of the pandemic. Using quality hospital data, we have investigated the SARS-CoV-2 fatality rates, profiles, and types of bacterial co-infections before, during, and after COVID-19 vaccination. Out of 389 isolates used in different aspects, 298 were examined before and during the pandemic (n = 149 before, n = 149 during). In this group, death rates were 32% during compared to only 7.4% before the pandemic with significant association (p-value = 0.000000075). However, the death rate was 34% in co-infected (n = 170) compared to non-co-infected patients (n = 128), indicating a highly significant value (p-value = 0.00000000000088). However, analysis of patients without other serious respiratory problems (n = 28) indicated that among the remaining 270 patients, death occurred in 30% of co-infected patients (n = 150) and only 0.8% of non-co-infected (n = 120) with a high significant p-value = 0.00000000076. The trending patterns of co-infections before, during, and after vaccination showed a significant decline in Staphylococcus aureus with concomitant peaks in Gram negatives n = 149 before/n = 149 during, including Klebsiella pneumonian = 11/49 before/during, E. coli n = 10/24, A. baumannii n = 8/25, Ps. aeruginosa n = 5/16, and S. aureus 13/1. Nevertheless, in the post-vaccination phase (n = 91), gender-specific co-infections were examined for potential differences in susceptibility. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus dominated both genders followed by E. coli in males and females, with the latter gender showing higher rates of isolations in both species. Klebsiella pneumoniae declined to third place in male patients. The drastic decline in K. pneumoniae and Gram negatives post-vaccination strongly implied a potential co-protection in vaccines. Future analysis would gain more insights into molecular mimicry.

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Emerging Status of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Fungi in the Arabian Peninsula

Cited by 22 publications

References 329 publications

Increasing the Efficacy of Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus–Candida albicans Mixed Infections with Myrtenol

Increasing the Efficacy of Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus–Candida albicans Mixed Infections with Myrtenol

Bacteriological profile of wound swab and their antibiogram pattern in a tertiary care hospital, Saudi Arabia

The Rapidly Changing Patterns in Bacterial Co-Infections Reveal Peaks in Limited Gram Negatives during COVID-19 and Their Sharp Drop Post-Vaccination, Implying Potential Evolution of Co-Protection during Vaccine–Virus–Bacterial Interplay

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