Emerging Treatment Options for Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Cives, Mauro; Pellè, Eleonora; Strosberg, Jonathan R.

doi:10.3390/jcm9113655

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare neoplasms, with an estimated annual incidence of 6.9/100 000. They arise from cells of the diffuse endocrine system, 1,2 which are mainly dispersed throughout the gastrointestinal (GI), pancreatic, and respiratory tracts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical treatment for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors

Eto

Yoshida

Iwagami

et al. 2020

Annals of Gastroent Surgery

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Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare neoplasms, with an estimated annual incidence of 6.9/100 000. They arise from cells of the diffuse endocrine system, which are mainly dispersed throughout the gastrointestinal (GI), pancreatic, and respiratory tracts. The incidence of GI‐NETs has recently begun to show a steady increase. According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, 53% of patients with NETs present with localized disease, 20% with locoregional disease, and 27% with distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. Surgery is the mainstay for the treatment of locoregional GI‐NETs. Endoscopic resection is an option for well‐differentiated early GI‐NETs, which are thought to very rarely metastasize to lymph nodes. A lesion that is technically difficult to resect via endoscopy is an indication for local resection (partial resection without lymph node dissection). GI‐NETs with possible lymph node metastasis is an indication for enterectomy with lymph node dissection. For NETs with metastatic lesions, cytoreduction surgery can control hormonal hypersecretion and alleviate symptoms; therefore, cytoreduction surgery is recommended. The indications for surgery vary and are based on the organ where the NET arose; therefore, an understanding of the patient's clinical state and individualized treatment that is based on the characteristics of the patient's GI‐NET is needed. This review summarizes surgical treatments of GI‐NETs in each organ.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical treatment for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors

Eto

Yoshida

Iwagami

et al. 2020

Annals of Gastroent Surgery

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“…Author details 1 Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan. 2 Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.…”

Section: Abbreviationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio predicts recurrence in patients with well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm based on the 2017 World Health Organization classification

et al. 2021

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Background The prognostic values of inflammation-based markers in well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms, diagnosed according to the new 2017 World Health Organization classification, have remained unclear. Therefore, we assessed the ability to predict the recurrence of such markers after curative resection in patients with these neoplasms. Methods Circulating/systemic neutrophil–lymphocyte, monocyte–lymphocyte, platelet–lymphocyte, and platelet–white cell ratios were evaluated in 120 patients who underwent curative resection for well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms without synchronous distant metastasis between 2001 and 2018. Recurrence-free-survival and overall survival were compared using Kaplan–Meier analysis and log-rank tests. Univariate or multivariate analyses, using a Cox proportional hazards model, were used to calculate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results Univariate analysis demonstrated that preoperative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, tumor size, European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society TMN classification, 2017 World Health Organization classification, and venous invasion were associated with recurrence. The optimal preoperative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio cut-off value was 2.62, based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. In multivariate analysis, a higher preoperative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (HR = 3.49 95% CI 1.05–11.7; P = 0.042) and 2017 World Health Organization classification (HR = 8.81, 95% CI 1.46–168.2; P = 0.015) were independent recurrence predictors. Conclusions The circulating/systemic neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio is a useful and convenient preoperative prognostic marker of recurrence in patients with well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm based on the 2017 World Health Organization classification.

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“…In the colon, loss of p53 during tumor progression is related to the formation of an NF-κB-dependent inflammatory microenvironment. Together, these pathways participate in the mechanisms behind inflammatory bowel disease increasing the risks of colorectal cancer, as well as the risks of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation-related cytokines and their roles in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Mahečić¹,

Berković

Zjačić-Rotkvić³

et al. 2020

Bosn J of Basic Med Sci

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Proinflammatory counterworks are important at different stages of tumor development, particularly during invasion and metastasis. Immune cells and their signal molecules can influence all stages of tumor progression, as well as therapeutic intervention. Proinflammatory cytokines are known triggers of growth in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs). In this study, we explored the immunohistochemical expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-2, and IL-6 in tissues from 43 GEP-NEN patients with tumors of gastric, duodenal, ileal, appendical, and colonic origin. The immunohistochemical expression of TNF-α was increased in tumor groups with high proliferation rates (Ki67; p = 0.034), as well as in those with higher tumor grades (p = 0.05). Moreover, the immunohistochemical expression of TNF-α positively correlated with death outcomes (p = 0.016). Expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-2 displayed similar immunohistochemical expression patterns regardless of Ki67, although the expression between the ILs differed. Most GEP-NENs had high levels of IL-6 and lower levels of IL-1β and IL-2. Although further comprehensive studies are required for a complete understanding of activated mechanisms in proinflammatory protumoral microenvironment of GEP-NENs, TNF-α is a potential marker in the prognosis of those tumors.

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Emerging Treatment Options for Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Cited by 33 publications

References 48 publications

Surgical treatment for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors

Surgical treatment for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors

Increased neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio predicts recurrence in patients with well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm based on the 2017 World Health Organization classification

Inflammation-related cytokines and their roles in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

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