Inflammation-related cytokines and their roles in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Abstract

Proinflammatory counterworks are important at different stages of tumor development, particularly during invasion and metastasis. Immune cells and their signal molecules can influence all stages of tumor progression, as well as therapeutic intervention. Proinflammatory cytokines are known triggers of growth in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs). In this study, we explored the immunohistochemical expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-2, and IL-6 in tissues from 43 GEP-NEN patients with tumors of gastric, duodenal, ileal, appendical, and colonic origin. The immunohistochemical expression of TNF-α was increased in tumor groups with high proliferation rates (Ki67; p = 0.034), as well as in those with higher tumor grades (p = 0.05). Moreover, the immunohistochemical expression of TNF-α positively correlated with death outcomes (p = 0.016). Expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-2 displayed similar immunohistochemical expression patterns regardless of Ki67, although the expression between the ILs differed. Most GEP-NENs had high levels of IL-6 and lower levels of IL-1β and IL-2. Although further comprehensive studies are required for a complete understanding of activated mechanisms in proinflammatory protumoral microenvironment of GEP-NENs, TNF-α is a potential marker in the prognosis of those tumors.

The preoperative HALP score (hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte and platelet) is a useful predictor in patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

“…Cancer prognosis is determined not only by pathological stage but also by host factors, especially for nutritional and/or inflammatory status [ 29 , 30 ]. HALP score, including albumin, lymphocyte, hemoglobin, and platelet, reflects both nutritional and inflammatory status.…”

Intestinal Organoids in Colitis Research: Focusing on Variability and Cryopreservation

“…This different cell status might influence the response to bacterial challenge and might also be responsible for the significantly higher expression of the cytokine Tnfα observed in the cryopreserved compared with the freshly isolated colonoids. For example, during the tumor progression of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms, the expression of Tnfα is positively correlated with high proliferation rates, as indicated by Ki67 expression [ 37 ]. Taken together, these results indicate that strong effects, such as the increase in Tnfα expression, can be easily detected in cryopreserved and possibly more premature colonoids, whereas smaller effects, such as the upregulation of Cldn4 , might be more easily detected in freshly isolated, more mature colonoids.…”

Revisiting Electrochemical Biosensing in the 21st Century Society for Inflammatory Cytokines Involved in Autoimmune, Neurodegenerative, Cardiac, Viral and Cancer Diseases

“…Regarding the relevance of cytokines in cancer, pro-inflammatory counterworks are important at different stages of tumor development, particularly during invasion and metastasis. Immune cells and their signal molecules can influence all stages of tumor progression, as well as therapeutic intervention [ 12 ]. Inflammation is one of the mechanisms involved in creating pro-tumoral microenvironments in many different organs.…”

“…While in normal tissue remodeling, chronic inflammation is terminated when repair is finished, in the tissues with carcinogenic mutations, compartments surrounding the epithelial component of tumor, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune and inflammatory cells as well the vascular network and lymphatic spaces interact to create pro-inflammatory microenvironments, which are important drivers of all tumors. Although the exact mechanisms are still not entirely clear, it is known that TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17 and IL-23 act as important messengers in this process [ 12 ]. These cytokines have an important role in regulating inflammatory cells, especially macrophages, to create pro-tumoral microenvironments during chronic inflammation and provide the tumor with the ability to evade host responses.…”

“…TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 have known roles in tumor growth and promotion; IL-6 and IL-10 are produced by tumor-associated macrophages and create conditions of immune suppression and angiogenesis; IL-1β and IL-6 promote angiogenesis and tumor invasion. Conversely, IL-2 is well-known to have antitumor activity via modulation of immune responses [ 12 ].…”