Emerging Trends in Nanocarbon‐Based Cardiovascular Applications

Abstract

This review aims to review the biomedical applications of nanocarbons to various cardiovascular devices including implantable scaffolds, patches, and stents against coronary artery diseases (CAD). The clinical applications of nanocarbons in cardiac tissue engineering, cardiomyocyte supporting implants, biosensors for cardiovascular biomarkers, bioimaging and monitoring of pathological conditions of CAD are addressed. In addition, the current challenges in minimizing the toxicity of nanocarbon materials and alleviating techniques are discussed from a clinical perspective. A novel fabrication approach for nanocarbons in cell-laden cardiovascular stents is a promising regenerative means for the treatment of damaged infarction in CAD.

The era of nano-bionic: 2D materials for wearable and implantable body sensors

“…The engineering of reduced size electro-responsive devices, able to ubiquitously monitor the cardiovascular activity, is essential not only for the early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, but also to reduce healthcare costs. [130][131][132][133] However, the development of implantable systems for in vivo sensing in the cardiovascular system is extremely challenging. In fact, blood is the most complex among the biological fluids, compared, for example, to saliva or sweat, because of its highly diverse biological composition and because it is where the response to external agents is more active.…”

Assessment of Biocompatibility of 3D‐Printed Cardiovascular Stent

“…Even though it has been previously reported that pHEMA is a photocurable polymer with excellent biocompatibility, there is lack of information about toxicity when it is applied to biomedical devices including cardiovascular stents. [21][22][23] Resveratrol (RSL), an antioxidant loaded in pHEMA as a major drug, exerts the inhibitory effects on oxidative stress-induced endothelial apoptosis [24,25] and offers a regulatory function in the vascular expression of some genes [26,27] and enzymes [28] that expressed antiapoptotic activity in the ischemiareperfusion pathology. RSL also caused dose-dependent increases in cerebral blood flow at the concentrations of 5.65 and 14.4 ng mL −1 (0.025 and 0.061 μm), yielding its effectiveness against cardiovascular disease.…”