Emerging trends in sensors based on carbon nitride materials

Xavier, Marilyn Mary; Nair, P.M.; Mathew, Suresh

doi:10.1039/c8an02110d

Cited by 75 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 132 publications

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“…[12,13,14] It is also recognized as a plausible material for fabricating bioimaging probes [15] and optical sensors. [16] The overall performance of a photocatalyst depends on its band gap, morphology and chemical structure. [17] In fact in contrast to metal derived photocatalysts, which we need more expensive metal salts for the synthesis, photocatalyst derived from P-CN can be easily synthesized in the laboratory by the thermal polycondensation of inexpensive precursors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring The Effect of Precursors of Polymeric Carbon Nitride Nanosheets on their Photo and Electrocatalytic Applications

et al. 2020

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In the present study, we have performed a case study to understand the ability of bulk polymeric carbon nitride (P‐CN) derived from various precursors such as urea, melamine, and dicyandiamide namely UCN, MCN and, DCN respectively via thermal condensation process and also their corresponding thermally exfoliated nanosheets such as TE_UCN, TE_MCN, and TE_DCN. Compared with the bulk P‐CN, all the thermally exfoliated samples retained higher surface area and shows superior photogenerated charge carrier transfer and separation. Among the thermally exfoliated P‐CN nanosheets, TE_UCN gives highly porous nanosheets with a specific surface area of 179 m2/g, and large band gap (3.01 eV). Despite its poor electronic band structure, the large surface area of TE_UCN has contributed more to the excellent photogenerated charge carrier separation, which resulted in their highest photocatalytic property against the degradation of an organic dye rhodamine B(RhB) under natural sunlight. The electrochemical experiments on all the three samples of nanosheets of P‐CN revealed that TE_UCN is the best electrode material for supercapacitors. TE_UCN displays excellent capacitance properties in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte with a specific capacitance of 128.7 Fg−1. Finally, the electrocatalytic activity investigation of the samples of P‐CN nanosheets revealed that TE_DCN has more catalytic activity towards HER. This study demonstrates that texture, electrochemical capacitance, electro and photcatalytic properties of nanosheets of P‐CN can be improved by the judicial choice of the precursor molecules.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring The Effect of Precursors of Polymeric Carbon Nitride Nanosheets on their Photo and Electrocatalytic Applications

et al. 2020

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“…Notably, the latter two compounds represent biomassderived molecules, which highlights the applicability of our photoanodes for light-driven valorization of low-value chemical feedstock to value-added compounds. 28,92 Finally, the unique stability of the photoanodes represents an excellent basis for systematic mechanistic investigations of operational bottlenecks of PCN electrodes, and paves also the way for their use in various applications beyond PEC hydrogen generation and selective conversions, such as electrochemical sensors 93…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sol–Gel Processing of Water-Soluble Carbon Nitride Enables High-Performance Photoanodes

Adler¹,

Krivtsov²,

Mitoraj³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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In spite of the enormous promise that polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) materials hold for photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications, the fabrication of highly stable and photoactive PCN photoelectrodes has been a largely elusive goal to date. Here we tackle this challenge by devising, for the first time, a sol–gel approach that enables facile preparation of photoanodes based on poly(heptazine imide) (PHI), a polymer belonging to the PCN family. The sol–gel process capitalizes on the use of a water-soluble PHI precursor composed of nanosized (~10 nm) particles that allows formation of a non-covalent hydrogel. The hydrogel can be deposited on a conductive substrate resulting in formation of mechanically stable porous polymeric thin layers (~400 nm), in contrast to the commonly obtained loosely attached thick particulate coatings. The resulting photoanodes exhibit unprecedented PEC performance in methanol reforming in neutral pH electrolytes with very high photocurrents of 177±27 mA (1 sun illumination) cm<sup>-2</sup> and 320±40 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> (2 sun illumination) at 1.23 V vs. RHE, with very high photocurrents down to ~0 V vs. RHE. These parameters permit effective operation even without any external electric bias, as demonstrated by zero-bias photoreforming of methanol and glycerol, and highly selective (~100%) photooxidation of 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (4-MBA). The robust binder-free films derived from sol–gel processing of water-soluble PCN thus represent a new paradigm for high-performance ‘soft-matter’ photoelectrocatalytic systems based on PCN.

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“…[1,2] In fact, g-C 3 N 4 has emerged as a landmark material exhibiting widespread applications in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photovoltaics, pollutant contamination, analytical detection of ions and sustainable energy. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Additionally, as a metal-free 2D nanomaterial, g-C 3 N 4 and its functionalized composites have been suggested as potent candidates for biomedical applications such as biosensing, cell imaging, photodynamic therapy, cancer therapy and drug delivery among others. [5,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Even though the essential condition for in-vitro and in-vivo biomedical applications is the minimization of nanotoxicity, nevertheless, there remain serious safety concerns regarding the introduction of g-C 3 N 4 into cellular environments, since very few studies have been performed to assess the toxicity produced by g-C 3 N 4 at the nanoscale and the modes of interaction between biomolecules and g-C 3 N 4 remain elusive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delicate Balance of Non‐Covalent Forces Govern the Biocompatibility of Graphitic Carbon Nitride towards Genetic Materials

Mukhopadhyay

Datta

2020

ChemPhysChem

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Despite a plethora of suggested technological and biomedical applications, the nanotoxicity of two‐dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) towards biomolecules remains elusive. To address this issue, we employ all‐atom classical molecular dynamics simulations and investigate the interactions between nucleic acids and g‐C3N4. It is revealed that, toxicity is modulated through a subtle balance between electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. When the exposed nucleobases interact through predominantly short‐ranged van der Waals and π–π stacking interactions, they get deviated from their native disposition and adsorb on the surface, leading to loss of self‐stacking and intra‐quartet H‐bonding along with partial disruption of the native structure. In contrast, for the interaction with double‐stranded structures of both DNA and RNA, long‐range electrostatics govern the adsorption phenomena since the constituent nucleobases are relatively concealed and wrapped, thereby resulting in almost complete preservation of the nucleic acid structures. Construction of free energy landscapes for lateral translation of adsorbed nucleic acids suggests decent targeting specificity owing to their restricted movement on g‐C3N4. The release times of nucleic acids adsorbed through predominant electrostatics are significantly less than those adsorbed through stacking with the surface. It is therefore proposed that g‐C3N4 would induce toxicity towards any biomolecule having bare residues available for strong van der Waals and π–π stacking interactions relative to those predominantly interacting through electrostatics.

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Emerging trends in sensors based on carbon nitride materials

Abstract: A new class of functional materials, carbon nitrides, has recently attracted the attention of researchers.

Cited by 75 publications

References 132 publications

Exploring The Effect of Precursors of Polymeric Carbon Nitride Nanosheets on their Photo and Electrocatalytic Applications

Exploring The Effect of Precursors of Polymeric Carbon Nitride Nanosheets on their Photo and Electrocatalytic Applications

Sol–Gel Processing of Water-Soluble Carbon Nitride Enables High-Performance Photoanodes

Delicate Balance of Non‐Covalent Forces Govern the Biocompatibility of Graphitic Carbon Nitride towards Genetic Materials

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