“…Muscles are natural amplifiers of the neural drive ( Ruff et al, 2010 ). Thus, with advanced signal analysis methods, e.g., motor unit decomposition and machine learning, muscle signals can be used as a control source in various MMIs, e.g., prostheses ( Naeem et al, 2012 ; Bergmeister et al, 2017 ), wheelchairs ( Jang et al, 2016 ), exoskeleton ( Singh et al, 2012 ; Kawase et al, 2017 ; Lyu et al, 2019 ), and human–robot collaboration ( Melcer et al, 2018 ), Compared with the brain–machine interfaces ( Grush, 2016 ), an MMI can obtain cleaner motor and intention-related signals in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ( Grush, 2016 ).…”