“…OWPT proves particularly useful in scenarios where traditional wired connections are impractical, such as in space, underwater se ings, moving vehicles, and environments populated with numerous small devices [6]. This technology harnesses directed light beams, such as lasers or LEDs, to wirelessly transmit power with high output and conversion efficiency [7,8], offering benefits like extended transmission ranges, precise directional pa erns, and absence of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) [9]. However, the use of lasers in OWPT introduces safety concerns due to the potential hazards posed by concentrated beams of light, necessitating adherence to stringent safety standards, such as those outlined in IEC60825-2021 [10,11].…”