Emission of Carbon Monoxide During Composting of Municipal Solid Waste

Phillip, E. A.; Clark, O. Grant; Londry, Kathleen L.; Yu, Shouhai; Leonard, J.J.

doi:10.1080/1065657x.2011.10736996

Cited by 21 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The non-turned A3 pile, composted indoors, had the highest CO levels recorded in colder conditions (1st day of the process, [43]; Figure A153), and when the temperature increased later, CO increase did not occur. This is in line with the results of laboratory-scale municipal solid waste compost reporting that the source of CO was thermochemical in nature [56]. The decrease in CO concentrations, which occurs in the later stages of composting, can be explained by two factors.…”

Section: Spatial and Temporal Distribution Of Carbon Monoxidesupporting

confidence: 90%

“…It is incorporated into microbial The decrease in CO concentrations, which occurs in the later stages of composting, can be explained by two factors. The first is the consumption of CO by bacteria; their increased activity is likely to result in the oxidation of this compound to CO 2 [56]. The second is based on the dependence of the presence of CO on the O 2 concentration in the biowaste.…”

Section: Spatial and Temporal Distribution Of Nitric Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Process Gases within Municipal Biowaste Compost

Stegenta-Dąbrowska

Sobieraj

Pilarski³

et al. 2019

Sustainability

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Composting processes reduce the weight and volume of biowaste and produce products that can be used in agriculture (e.g., as fertilizer). Despite the benefits of composting, there are also problems such as odors and the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere. This research aimed to investigate the phenomenon of process gas (CO, CO2, NO, O2) evolution within a large-scale municipal composter. The effects of turning frequency and pile location (outdoor vs. indoors) on process gas and temperature spatial and temporal evolution were studied in six piles (37‒81 tons of initial weight) over a six-month period. The biowaste consisted of green waste and municipal sewage sludge. The chemical composition and temperature of process gases within four cross sections with seven sampling locations were analyzed weekly for ~7–8 weeks (a total of 1375 cross sections). The aeration degree, temperature, CO, CO2, and NO concentration and their spatial and temporal distribution were analyzed. Final weight varied from 66% reduction to 7% weight gain. Only 8.2% of locations developed the desired chimney effect (utilizing natural buoyancy to facilitate passive aeration). Only 31.1% of locations reached thermophilic conditions (necessary to inactivate pathogens). Lower O2 levels corresponded with elevated CO2 concentrations. CO production increased in the initial composting phase. Winter piles were characterized by the lowest CO content. The most varied was the NO distribution in all conditions. The O2 concentration was lowest in the central part of the pile, and aeration conditions were good regardless of the technological regime used. Turning once a week was sufficient overall. Based on the results, the most favorable recommended procedure is turning twice a week for the first two weeks, followed by weekly turning for the next two weeks. After that, turning can be stopped unless additional removal of moisture is needed. In this case, weekly turning should continue until the process is completed. The size of the pile should follow the surface-to-volume ratio: <2.5 and <2 for cooler ambient conditions.

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Section: Spatial and Temporal Distribution Of Carbon Monoxidesupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Spatial and Temporal Distribution Of Nitric Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Process Gases within Municipal Biowaste Compost

Stegenta-Dąbrowska

Sobieraj

Pilarski³

et al. 2019

Sustainability

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“…CO is formed as a result of the biological decomposition of the OF together with other gases such as CO 2 , CH 4 , H 2 , nitrogen compounds, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and H 2 S [15]. CO formation has been observed during composting of green waste [16], green waste with manure [17], organic waste [18,19], and municipal waste [20,21]. The discovery of CO formation during composting was unexpected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fluctuation of Process Gasses Especially of Carbon Monoxide during Aerobic Biostabilization of an Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste under Different Technological Regimes

Stegenta-Dąbrowska

Rogosz²,

Bukowski

et al. 2020

Data

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Carbon monoxide (CO) is an air pollutant commonly formed during natural and anthropogenic processes involving incomplete combustion. Much less is known about biological CO production during the decomposition of the organic fraction (OF), especially originating from municipal solid waste (MSW), e.g., during the aerobic biostabilization (AB) process. In this dataset, we summarized the temperature and the content of process gases (including rarely reported carbon monoxide, CO) generated inside full-scale AB of an organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) reactor. The objective of the study was to present the data of the fluctuation of CO content as well as that of O 2 , CO 2 , and CH 4 in process gas within the waste pile, during the AB of the OFMSW. The OFMSW was aerobically biostabilized in six reactors, in which the technological regimes of AB were dependent on process duration (42-69 days), waste mass (391.02-702.38 Mg), the intensity of waste aeration (4.4-10.7 m 3 ·Mg −1 ·h −1 ), reactor design (membrane-covered reactor or membrane-covered reactor with sidewalls) and thermal conditions in the reactor (20.2-77.0 • C). The variations in the degree of waste aeration (O 2 content), temperature, and fluctuation of CO, CO 2 , and CH 4 content during the weekly measurement intervals were summarized. Despite a high O 2 content in all reactors and stable thermal conditions, the presence of CO in process gas was observed, which suggests that ensuring optimum conditions for the process is not sufficient for CO emissions to be mitigated. In the analyzed experiment, CO concentration was highly variable over the duration of the process, ranging from a few to over 1,500 ppm. The highest concentration of CO was observed between the second and fifth weeks of the test. The reactor B2 was the source of the highest CO production and average highest temperature. This study suggests that the highest CO productions occur at the highest temperature, which is why the authors believe that CO production has thermochemical foundations.

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“…The increased production of CO 2 and other permanent greenhouse gasses in the modified-Ritter storage reactors along with higher DML suggested greater microbial activity than for the traditional ensiling material. The presence of CO has been documented in composting of green and municipal solid wastes and has been related to a physio-chemical process that occurs in the presence of oxygen during the initial stages of composting (Hellebrand and Kalk, 2001 ; Phillip et al, 2011 ). Hellebrand and Kalk demonstrated elevated CO levels at the beginning of composting and after each aeration episode, while Phillip et al showed that CO levels were elevated in sterilized compost compared to non-sterilized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compatibility of High-Moisture Storage for Biochemical Conversion of Corn Stover: Storage Performance at Laboratory and Field Scales

Wendt

Murphy

Smith

et al. 2018

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Wet anaerobic storage of corn stover can provide a year-round supply of feedstock to biorefineries meanwhile serving an active management approach to reduce the risks associated with fire loss and microbial degradation. Wet logistics systems employ particle size reduction early in the supply chain through field-chopping which removes the dependency on drying corn stover prior to baling, expands the harvest window, and diminishes the biorefinery size reduction requirements. Over two harvest years, in-field forage chopping was capable of reducing over 60% of the corn stover to a particle size of 6 mm or less. Aerobic and anaerobic storage methods were evaluated for wet corn stover in 100 L laboratory reactors. Of the methods evaluated, traditional ensiling resulted in <6% total solid dry matter loss (DML), about five times less than the aerobic storage process and slightly less than half that of the anaerobic modified-Ritter pile method. To further demonstrate the effectiveness of the anaerobic storage, a field demonstration was completed with 272 dry tonnes of corn stover; DML averaged <5% after 6 months. Assessment of sugar release as a result of dilute acid or dilute alkaline pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis suggested that when anaerobic conditions were maintained in storage, sugar release was either similar to or greater than as-harvested material depending on the pretreatment chemistry used. This study demonstrates that wet logistics systems offer practical benefits for commercial corn stover supply, including particle size reduction during harvest, stability in storage, and compatibility with biochemical conversion of carbohydrates for biofuel production. Evaluation of the operational efficiencies and costs is suggested to quantify the potential benefits of a fully-wet biomass supply system to a commercial biorefinery.

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Emission of Carbon Monoxide During Composting of Municipal Solid Waste

Cited by 21 publications

References 12 publications

Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Process Gases within Municipal Biowaste Compost

Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Process Gases within Municipal Biowaste Compost

The Fluctuation of Process Gasses Especially of Carbon Monoxide during Aerobic Biostabilization of an Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste under Different Technological Regimes

Compatibility of High-Moisture Storage for Biochemical Conversion of Corn Stover: Storage Performance at Laboratory and Field Scales

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