Emission of Phthalates and Phthalate Alternatives from Vinyl Flooring and Crib Mattress Covers: The Influence of Temperature

Liang, Yong; Xu, Ying

doi:10.1021/es504801x

Cited by 120 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Fitting equation (8) to the results of y sat listed in 19,40,48,49 The comparison of the fitted line with measured results of V p is provided in Fig. Fitting equation (8) to the results of y sat listed in 19,40,48,49 The comparison of the fitted line with measured results of V p is provided in Fig.…”

Section: Results Of Saturated Gas-phase Concentration Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…∆H vap is the enthalpy of vaporization for pure chemical liquids, which can be treated as constant over a narrow temperature range (0°C to 30°C) for a given pure chemical, 41 J/mol; and R is the universal gas con- 19,40,48,49 The comparison of the fitted line with measured results of V p is provided in Fig. S2 in the SI, which shows a high fitting precision (R 2 = 0.999).…”

Section: Results Of Saturated Gas-phase Concentration Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…41 Consequently, the temperature dependence of the ratio of C 0 to y 0 can be expressed by the van't Hoff equation, ln (C 0 /y 0 ) = ∆H p /RT + Y, where ∆H p is the enthalpy of DEHP phase change from the PVC flooring to the air, which can be regarded as the "enthalpy of vaporization" for DEHP from the PVC floorings; C 0 is the material-phase concentration of the SVOC in the source material; and Y is a constant. 40,41 Considering that C 0 is usually treated as a constant for a given SVOC source material, 9 Table S1 in the SI.…”

Section: Relationship Between Temperature and Ymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A SPME-based method for rapidly and accurately measuring the characteristic parameter for DEHP emitted from PVC floorings

et al. 2016

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Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are present in many indoor materials. SVOC emissions can be characterized with a critical parameter, y , the gas-phase SVOC concentration in equilibrium with the source material. To reduce the required time and improve the accuracy of existing methods for measuring y , we developed a new method which uses solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to measure the concentration of an SVOC emitted by source material placed in a sealed chamber. Taking one typical indoor SVOC, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), as the example, the experimental time was shortened from several days (even several months) to about 1 day, with relative errors of less than 5%. The measured y values agree well with the results obtained by independent methods. The saturated gas-phase concentration (y ) of DEHP was also measured. Based on the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, a correlation that reveals the effects of temperature, the mass fraction of DEHP in the source material, and y on y was established. The proposed method together with the correlation should be useful in estimating and controlling human exposure to indoor DEHP. The applicability of the present approach for other SVOCs and other SVOC source materials requires further study.

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Section: Results Of Saturated Gas-phase Concentration Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Results Of Saturated Gas-phase Concentration Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relationship Between Temperature and Ymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A SPME-based method for rapidly and accurately measuring the characteristic parameter for DEHP emitted from PVC floorings

et al. 2016

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“…Body movements can also increase volatile emission, an effect that Boor et al call “pumping”. Similarly Liang and Xu (2014) found heating a crib mattress to body temperature quadruples concentrations of phthalates and other plasticizers in the infant's breathing zone. Moreover, Bi et al (2015) found that airborne phthalate concentrations increased by a factor of three in a test home when the interior temperature rose from 21 °C to 30 °C.…”

Section: Linking Hypothesis Implications: Nuances Interactions and Cmentioning

confidence: 92%

Developmental neurotoxicity and autism: A potential link between indoor neuroactive pollutants and the curious birth order risk factor

Gray

Billock²

2017

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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Epidemiological and demographic studies find an increased risk of autism among first-borns. Toxicological studies show that some semi-volatile substances found in infant products produce adverse effects in neural and endocrine systems of animals, including behavioral and developmental effects. Several factors elevate the exposure of human infants to these chemicals. The highest exposures found in infants are comparable to the exposures that induce neural toxicity in animals. A review of these literatures suggests a linking hypothesis that could bridge the epidemiological and toxicological lines of evidence: an infant's exposure to neuroactive compounds emitted by infant products is increased by product newness and abundance; exposure is likely maximized for first-born children in families that can afford new products. Exposure is reduced for subsequently-born children who reuse these now neuroactive-depleted products. The presence of neuroactive chemical emissions from infant products has implications for birth-order effects and for other curious risk factors in autism, including gender, socioeconomic status, and season-of-birth risk factors.

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“…DEHP can be present in PVC flooring at tens-of-percent levels and has been associated with adverse health effects, including endocrine disruption, asthma and allergies 36 . In addition, emission of DEHP from PVC flooring has been measured by other researchers 19,20,26,[37][38][39][40][41] , which allows comparisons to measured y0 values by different labs and using different methods. Therefore, DEHP from PVC flooring was chosen as another target chemical, with the same PVC flooring tested in published papers used in this study.…”

Section: Objectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of SVOC emission parameters for building materials using solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-based method

Gong¹,

Poppendieck²

2019

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Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous indoors and associated with adverse health effects. Characterizing the emission of SVOCs from source materials is essential to estimating indoor SVOC concentrations in different phases, and thus the assessment of human exposure to SVOCs. It has previously been shown that y0 (the SVOC concentration in air close to the material surface) is the key parameter to predict SVOC emissions from source materials.However, to develop consensus standard methods (i.e., ASTM) for measuring y0 , better understanding and validation of current approaches are needed. A solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-based method published in the literature was chosen for this study. Tris(1-chloro-2propyl) phosphate (TCPP) from spray polyurethane foam (SPF) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring were chosen as target chemicals. First, TCPP concentrations in two SPF materials were measured. The values for open-cell and closed-cell SPF were 1.24 x 10 6 mg m -3 and 2.84 x 10 5 mg m -3 , respectively. Second, to apply the SPMEbased method, an improved method to calibrate chemical mass collected on SPME fibers was evaluated. In this calibration method, liquid standards were directly spiked on the SPME fiber.The results show that, for DEHP and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), the direct SPME loading method was able to calibrate masses collected on SPME fibers, but not for more volatile chemicals (TCPP and 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 52)). The results also showed that the transfer efficiency of splitless liquid injections were typically much lower than the efficiency of SPME injections. Hence, splitless liquid injection may not be suitable to calibrate SPME for the SVOCs studied here. Unfortunately, the application of the improved direct loading method may be limited due to the need for evaluation of every target chemical, the physical challenge of spiking onto the fiber, and the variability of SPME fibers' adsorption property. Third, y0ii This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST. TN.2040 values for DEHP from PVC flooring at different temperatures were measured using the SPMEbased method and a specially designed stainless-steel chamber. Measured y0 of DEHP from the selected PVC flooring at 25 °C was 1.8 μg/m 3 . However, due to the potential problems relating to the variability of SPME fibers' adsorption property, the variability of measured y0 values may be as large as a factor of two. Overall, given the essential drawbacks of SPMEbased method for measuring y0, it is not recommended until the problems relating to SPME calibration and the variability of SPME fiber adsorption property are overcome. KeywordsSemi-volatile organic compound (SVOC), Spray polyurethane foam (SPF), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring, Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), Solid-phase microextraction (SPME)iii This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.

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Emission of Phthalates and Phthalate Alternatives from Vinyl Flooring and Crib Mattress Covers: The Influence of Temperature

Cited by 120 publications

References 57 publications

A SPME-based method for rapidly and accurately measuring the characteristic parameter for DEHP emitted from PVC floorings

A SPME-based method for rapidly and accurately measuring the characteristic parameter for DEHP emitted from PVC floorings

Developmental neurotoxicity and autism: A potential link between indoor neuroactive pollutants and the curious birth order risk factor

Measurement of SVOC emission parameters for building materials using solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-based method

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