Emissions associated with operations of four different additive manufacturing or 3D printing technologies

Zisook, Rachel E.; Simmons, Brooke; Vater, Mark; Pérez, Angela L.; Donovan, Ellen; Paustenbach, Dennis J.; Cyrs, William D.

doi:10.1080/15459624.2020.1798012

Cited by 25 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In addition, the total particulate concentration was slightly higher for the virgin powder compared with that for the recycle powder for all pre-processing activities except for Activity D. The total particulate concentration was higher during Activities B and C (pouring the powder into the mixing machine and transferring the powder to the SLS machine), as expected. The results conform with those of Zisook et al [14] and Vaisanen et al [15], which present that highest dust concentration appear during period where operators manually handle the powder. .…”

Section: B Gravimetric Analysis Of Exposuressupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Previous study [11] has shown that dry mechanical processes such as mixing, grinding, handling, and transferring powders will generate dust, which will significantly increase particulate matter emissions. Toxicological studies [12]- [14] confirmed that the operators of SLS AM machines are exposed to particulate matter and ultrafine particles from powder handling, where the particles enter their lungs and bloodstream through respiration. According to Vä isä nen et al [15], PBF technologies increase the risk of health hazards, especially during handling of materials and objects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 88%

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The Effects of Virgin and Recycled PA12 Powders in SLS Processes on Occupational Exposures

Damanhuri¹,

Hariri²,

Ghani³

et al. 2021

IJESD

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Particulate matter and ultrafine particles are emitted during the pre-processing and post-processing activities of selective laser sintering (SLS) processes, which is major concern to operators exposed to the powders. This study aims to determine the occupational exposure (in terms of the total particle concentration and respirable particulate concentration) during the pre-processing and post-processing activities of SLS processes using virgin and recycled polyamide 12 (PA12) powders. Personal air sampling was performed for each activity according to the NIOSH 0500 and NIOSH 0600 methods. Based on the results, both powders were uniform spheres with a particle size of 40–60 μm. The total particulate concentration was most significant during the following pre-processing activities: 1) pouring powder into the mixing machine and 2) transferring the powder to the SLS AM machine. The total particulate concentration and respirable particulate concentration were slightly higher for the virgin powder for these activities. In conclusion, the virgin and recycled PA12 powders were both inhalable and respirable, which poses serious health hazards to the SLS AM operators. Hence, it is essential for operators to use suitable personal protective equipment (including respirators) and the working practices need to be improved by automating

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Section: B Gravimetric Analysis Of Exposuressupporting

confidence: 90%

mentioning

confidence: 88%

The Effects of Virgin and Recycled PA12 Powders in SLS Processes on Occupational Exposures

Damanhuri¹,

Hariri²,

Ghani³

et al. 2021

IJESD

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show abstract

“…Acetone, formaldehyde, and butanone were detected with concentrations of 41 μg/m 3 , 18 μg/m 3 , and 14 μg/m 3 , respectively 122 . These discrepancies may be due to differences in AM machine manufacturers and model types, raw materials, but also room sizes or ventilation indicators 109 …”

Section: Emissions From 3d Printing Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If not even the material itself, the precursor or binder used (eg, in binder jetting technologies) may become a source of such emissions. In case of powder bed fusion, the powdered base material might become aerosolized during printing or post‐processing 109 . Finally, the finished product may be hot enough to emit volatile compounds.…”

Section: Emissions From 3d Printing Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was identified that the most emissive particle size range was 205–407 nm, and the number concentrations of particle sizes of 352 and 407 nm were highest during the ejection stage (~4.4 × 10 4 particle/min). The increase in dust concentrations was observed during powder preparation or post‐processing of parts produced by powder bed fusion 50,109,122 . The particle emission from the powder jet printers are strongly influenced by the powder properties as well as the powder dispersion process.…”

Section: Emissions From 3d Printing Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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State of the art in additive manufacturing and its possible chemical and particle hazards—review

et al. 2021

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Additive manufacturing, enabling rapid prototyping and so‐called on‐demand production, has become a common method of creating parts or whole devices. On a 3D printer, real objects are produced layer by layer, thus creating extraordinary possibilities as to the number of applications for this type of devices. The opportunities offered by this technique seem to be pushing new boundaries when it comes to both the use of 3D printing in practice and new materials from which the 3D objects can be printed. However, the question arises whether, at the same time, this solution is safe enough to be used without limitations, wherever and by everyone. According to the scientific reports, three‐dimensional printing can pose a threat to the user, not only in terms of physical or mechanical hazards, but also through the potential emissions of chemical substances and fine particles. Thus, the presented publication collects information on the additive manufacturing, different techniques, and ways of printing with application of diverse raw materials. It presents an overview of the last 5 years’ publications focusing on 3D printing, especially regarding the potential chemical and particle emission resulting from the use of such printers in both the working environment and private spaces.

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Exposure to chemical substances and particles emitted during additive manufacturing

Dobrzyńska

Kondej

Kowalska

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Emissions associated with operations of four different additive manufacturing or 3D printing technologies

Cited by 25 publications

References 33 publications

The Effects of Virgin and Recycled PA12 Powders in SLS Processes on Occupational Exposures

The Effects of Virgin and Recycled PA12 Powders in SLS Processes on Occupational Exposures

State of the art in additive manufacturing and its possible chemical and particle hazards—review

Exposure to chemical substances and particles emitted during additive manufacturing

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