Emissions characteristics of spark ignition engine operating on lower–higher molecular mass alcohol blended gasoline fuels

Effect of compression ratio on the emission, performance and combustion characteristics of a gasoline engine fueled with iso-butanol/gasoline blends

“…Especially, considerable decrease was observed when the fuels contained higher amount of iso-butanol like ISB30 and ISB50. The result of CO with the use of iso-butanol/gasoline blends presented by Gravalos et al [23] agreed with the results in the articles. It was thought to be the cause of the improvement of the combustion process as a result of the oxygen content in iso-butanol fuels.…”

Investigation of the effects of iso-butanol additives on spark ignition engine fuelled with methanol-gasoline blends

“…respectively. This is due to the alcohol-gasoline blends that gavea reduction of HC emission based on the leaning effect from the presence of oxygen that will improve combustion efficiency [4,15,35,[42][43][44][45][46]. Unburned hydrocarbon or more appropriately organic emissions are the consequences of incomplete combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel.…”

Performances and emissions of a 4-stroke motorcycle fuelled with ethanol/gasoline blends

“…The main disadvantage is related to the lower vapour pressure of bioethanol, which makes a cold start of the engine difficult. Moreover, many studies have demonstrated an increase in nitrogen oxide and carbonylic compound emissions coming from bioethanol/gasoline blend fuels [5][6][7].…”