Emissions of greenhouse gases (methane and nitrous oxide) from cattle slurry storage in Northern Europe

Greenhouse gas emissions from storage and field application of anaerobically digested and non-digested cattle slurry

“…At the farm with digestate in Västra Götaland County, a heat-exchanger was placed in the second reactor, transferring heat from the digestate to the incoming slurry to the first reactor. Temperatures loggers (Tiny Tag Aquatic TG-4100 or Tinytag talk 2 TKC-0002-S, Intab Interface-Teknik AB, Stenkullen, Sweden) encased in watertight boxes and attached by a chain to a buoy were placed at 0.5 m and 1.5 m below the surface of the stored slurry (Rodhe et al, 2009). Mean temperature was recorded over three-hour intervals.…”

“…It comprised nine containers half-buried in the ground, allowing GHG emissions to be measured from slurry stored under conditions similar to full-scale storage (Rodhe et al, 2009). Each container was 1.5 m high, 1.63 m in diameter and had a basal area of 2.0 m 2 (Rodhe et al, 2012).…”

“…Volatile fatty acid (VFA) content was analysed on chilled samples (8 C) according to Schnürer and Nordberg, (2008). Frozen samples were also used to determine the maximum CH 4 production (B 0 ) of slurry and digestate in summer and winter, using a laboratory-scale batch digester run for 100 days at a constant temperature of 37 C, as used by Rodhe et al (2009).…”

“…Studies in Denmark (Husted, 1994), Austria (Clemens et al, 2006) and Sweden (Rodhe et al, 2009(Rodhe et al, , 2012 show that significantly greater amounts of CH 4 are emitted from slurry tanks during summer than during winter. Clemens et al (2006) found that a wooden roof reduced CH 4 emissions from stored digested and non-digested cattle slurry compared with no cover.…”

Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emission from Animal Manure Using the Closed Chamber Method for Gas Fluxes

“…(Zimmerman, 1993); the use of the method to quantify the methane emission has been debated in some studies of Pinares-Patiño et al (2008) and Pinares-Patiño et al (2011); In Vitro Gas Production Technique for Methane Measurements (requires access to fresh rumen fluid, which is typically obtained from fistulated cows or other ruminants); The CO 2 Technique (estimates methane emissions from livestock based on the use of CO 2 as a tracer gas (Madsen et al, 2010)); Methods Based on Whole Buildings or Areas (can be divided into non-micrometeorological techniques and micrometeorological techniques defined as measuring fluxes of gas in the free atmosphere and relating these fluxes to animal emissions (Harper et al, 2011); Combined Feeder and CH 4 Analyzer (is a patented system which combines an automatic feeding system with measurements of CH 4 and CO 2 ), proxy-methods (are correlating the methane emissions with parameters that can be measured in easily obtainable biological samples like milk or feces). Other methods for estimating the methane emissions are: the large dynamic chamber (Enishi and Osada, 2012), chambers made of aluminum which measured 10 cm tall used for flux measurement from swine slurry (Lovanh et al, 2010), closed chamber (test containers with flexible roof ) methodology at a pilot-scale for measurements of gas emissions from cattle stored slurry (Rodhe et al, 2009). When the measurements are not possible, the total emissions have to be assessed by IPCC method or methane models (Storm et al, 2012).…”